Works matching AU Shen, Guofeng

Results: 71

Attached Smoking Room Is a Source of PM2.5 in Adjacent Nonsmoking Areas.

Published in:

Indoor Air, 2023, p. 1, doi. 10.1155/2023/7290742

By:

Du, Wei;
Wang, Jinze;
Chen, Yuanchen;
Pan, Bo;
Shen, Guofeng;
Lin, Nan

Publication type:

Article

Field measurements of indoor and community air quality in rural Beijing before, during, and after the COVID‐19 lockdown.

Published in:

Indoor Air, 2022, v. 32, n. 8, p. 1, doi. 10.1111/ina.13095

By:

Li, Xiaoying;
Baumgartner, Jill;
Harper, Sam;
Zhang, Xiang;
Sternbach, Talia;
Barrington‐Leigh, Christopher;
Brehmer, Collin;
Robinson, Brian;
Shen, Guofeng;
Zhang, Yuanxun;
Tao, Shu;
Carter, Ellison

Publication type:

Article

Impacts of Chinese spring festival on household PM2.5 pollution and blood pressure of rural residents.

Published in:

Indoor Air, 2021, v. 31, n. 4, p. 1072, doi. 10.1111/ina.12795

By:

Du, Wei;
Wang, Jinze;
Zhang, Shanshan;
Fu, Nan;
Yang, Fengqin;
Wang, Gehui;
Wang, Zhenglu;
Mao, Kang;
Shen, Guofeng;
Qi, Meng;
Liu, Shijie;
Wu, Can;
Chen, Yuanchen

Publication type:

Article

Association of solid fuel use with risk of stunting in children living in China.

Published in:

Indoor Air, 2020, v. 30, n. 2, p. 264, doi. 10.1111/ina.12627

By:

Liang, Weigang;
Wang, Beibei;
Shen, Guofeng;
Cao, Suzhen;
Mcswain, Bertrand;
Qin, Ning;
Zhao, Liyun;
Yu, Dongmei;
Gong, Jicheng;
Zhao, Shanshan;
Zhang, Yawei;
Duan, Xiaoli

Publication type:

Article

Costs and health benefits of the rural energy transition to carbon neutrality in China.

Published in:

Nature Communications, 2023, v. 14, n. 1, p. 1, doi. 10.1038/s41467-023-41707-7

By:

Ma, Teng;
Zhang, Silu;
Xiao, Yilong;
Liu, Xiaorui;
Wang, Minghao;
Wu, Kai;
Shen, Guofeng;
Huang, Chen;
Fang, Yan Ru;
Xie, Yang

Publication type:

Article

CircRNA circFADS2 is under-expressed in sepsis and protects lung cells from LPS-induced apoptosis by downregulating miR-133a.

Published in:

Journal of Inflammation, 2022, v. 19, n. 1, p. 1, doi. 10.1186/s12950-022-00300-3

By:

Niu, Fang;
Liang, Xiaofeng;
Ni, Jindi;
Xia, Zhuye;
Jiang, Lijing;
Wang, Hong;
Liu, Hongjie;
Shen, Guofeng;
Li, Xiang

Publication type:

Article

Multi-year emission of carbonaceous aerosols from cooking, fireworks burning, sacrificial incenses, joss paper burning, and barbecue and the key driving forces in China.

Published in:

Earth System Science Data Discussions, 2022, p. 1, doi. 10.5194/essd-2022-154

By:

Yi Cheng;
Shaofei Kong;
Liquan Yao;
Huang Zheng;
Jian Wu;
Qin Yan;
Shurui Zheng;
Yao Hu;
Zhenzhen Niu;
Yingying Yan;
Zhenxing Shen;
Guofeng Shen;
Dantong Liu;
Shuxiao Wang;
Shihua Qi

Publication type:

Article

A magnetic resonance conditional robot for lumbar spinal injection: Development and preliminary validation.

Published in:

International Journal of Medical Robotics & Computer Assisted Surgery, 2024, v. 20, n. 1, p. 1, doi. 10.1002/rcs.2618

By:

Liu, Depeng;
Li, Gang;
Wang, Shuyuan;
Liu, Zixuan;
Wang, Yanzhou;
Connolly, Laura;
Usevitch, David E.;
Shen, Guofeng;
Cleary, Kevin;
Iordachita, Iulian

Publication type:

Article

Robotic system for magnetic resonance imaging‐guided high‐intensity focus ultrasound application: Feasibility of breast fibroadenoma treatment.

Published in:

International Journal of Medical Robotics & Computer Assisted Surgery, 2023, v. 19, n. 4, p. 1, doi. 10.1002/rcs.2519

By:

Liu, Depeng;
Shen, Guofeng;
Tang, Na;
Lu, Huaxin;
Wei, Bo

Publication type:

Article

Climate Warming Mitigation from Nationally Determined Contributions.

Published in:

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2022, v. 39, n. 8, p. 1217, doi. 10.1007/s00376-022-1396-8

By:

Fu, Bo;
Li, Jingyi;
Gasser, Thomas;
Ciais, Philippe;
Piao, Shilong;
Tao, Shu;
Shen, Guofeng;
Lai, Yuqin;
Han, Luchao;
Li, Bengang

Publication type:

Article

Comparison of water-soluble and water-insoluble organic compositions attributing to different light absorption efficiency between residential coal and biomass burning emissions.

Published in:

Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2024, v. 24, n. 10, p. 6323, doi. 10.5194/acp-24-6323-2024

By:

Zhang, Lu;
Li, Jin;
Li, Yaojie;
Liu, Xinlei;
Luo, Zhihan;
Shen, Guofeng;
Tao, Shu

Publication type:

Article

Source differences in the components and cytotoxicity of PM2.5 from automobile exhaust, coal combustion, and biomass burning contributing to urban aerosol toxicity.

Published in:

Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2024, v. 24, n. 2, p. 1345, doi. 10.5194/acp-24-1345-2024

By:

Luo, Xiao-San;
Huang, Weijie;
Shen, Guofeng;
Pang, Yuting;
Tang, Mingwei;
Li, Weijun;
Zhao, Zhen;
Li, Hanhan;
Wei, Yaqian;
Xie, Longjiao;
Mehmood, Tariq

Publication type:

Article

East Asian methane emissions inferred from high-resolution inversions of GOSAT and TROPOMI observations: a comparative and evaluative analysis.

Published in:

Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2023, v. 23, n. 14, p. 8039, doi. 10.5194/acp-23-8039-2023

By:

Liang, Ruosi;
Zhang, Yuzhong;
Chen, Wei;
Zhang, Peixuan;
Liu, Jingran;
Chen, Cuihong;
Mao, Huiqin;
Shen, Guofeng;
Qu, Zhen;
Chen, Zichong;
Zhou, Minqiang;
Wang, Pucai;
Parker, Robert J.;
Boesch, Hartmut;
Lorente, Alba;
Maasakkers, Joannes D.;
Aben, Ilse

Publication type:

Article

Measurement report: Underestimated reactive organic gases from residential combustion – insights from a near-complete speciation.

Published in:

Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2023, v. 23, n. 12, p. 6633, doi. 10.5194/acp-23-6633-2023

By:

Gao, Yaqin;
Wang, Hongli;
Yuan, Lingling;
Jing, Shengao;
Yuan, Bin;
Shen, Guofeng;
Zhu, Liang;
Koss, Abigail;
Li, Yingjie;
Wang, Qian;
Huang, Dan Dan;
Zhu, Shuhui;
Tao, Shikang;
Lou, Shengrong;
Huang, Cheng

Publication type:

Article

Chemical composition, structures, and light absorption of N-containing aromatic compounds emitted from burning wood and charcoal in household cookstoves.

Published in:

Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2020, v. 20, n. 22, p. 14077, doi. 10.5194/acp-20-14077-2020

By:

Xie, Mingjie;
Zhao, Zhenzhen;
Holder, Amara L.;
Hays, Michael D.;
Chen, Xi;
Shen, Guofeng;
Jetter, James J.;
Champion, Wyatt M.;
Wang, Qin'geng

Publication type:

Article

Sources of volatile organic compounds and policy implications for regional ozone pollution control in an urban location of Nanjing, East China.

Published in:

Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2020, v. 20, n. 6, p. 3905, doi. 10.5194/acp-20-3905-2020

By:

Zhao, Qiuyue;
Bi, Jun;
Liu, Qian;
Ling, Zhenghao;
Shen, Guofeng;
Chen, Feng;
Qiao, Yuezhen;
Li, Chunyan;
Ma, Zongwei

Publication type:

Article

A study of the impact of entrance space on indoor air quality in vernacular dwellings in desert areas during sandstorms.

Published in:

Built Heritage, 2024, v. 8, n. 1, p. 1, doi. 10.1186/s43238-024-00149-w

By:

Zhang, Xinyu;
Liang, Yushu;
Shi, Shanshan;
Shen, Guofeng

Publication type:

Article

Properties and cellular effects of particulate matter from direct emissions and ambient sources.

Published in:

Journal of Environmental Science & Health. Part A. Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 2016, v. 51, n. 12, p. 1075, doi. 10.1080/10934529.2016.1198632

By:

Jin, Wenjie;
Su, Shu;
Wang, Bin;
Zhu, Xi;
Chen, Yilin;
Shen, Guofeng;
Liu, Junfeng;
Cheng, Hefa;
Wang, Xilong;
Wu, Shuiping;
Zeng, Eddy;
Xing, Baoshan;
Tao, Shu

Publication type:

Article

Airborne particulates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air in Donghe, Northern China.

Published in:

Journal of Environmental Science & Health. Part A. Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 2009, v. 44, n. 9, p. 854, doi. 10.1080/10934520902958526

By:

Wei Wang;
Shu Tao;
Wentao Wang;
Guofeng Shen;
Jingyu Zhao;
Kin-Che Lam

Publication type:

Article

Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in industrial soils from northwestern of China: occurrence, distribution, exposure risk, and implications on risk-based controls.

Published in:

Environmental Geochemistry & Health, 2024, v. 46, n. 4, p. 1, doi. 10.1007/s10653-024-01923-6

By:

Zhou, Yousong;
Xiao, Kai;
Zhang, Yongqiang;
Fu, Donglei;
Jiang, Ke;
Luo, Jinmu;
Li, Yuancheng;
Shen, Guofeng;
Liu, Wenxin;
Tao, Shu;
Lu, Senlin

Publication type:

Article

Indoor exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with solid fuel use in rural China.

Published in:

Environmental Geochemistry & Health, 2023, v. 45, n. 11, p. 8761, doi. 10.1007/s10653-023-01751-0

By:

Li, Shiyin;
Men, Yatai;
Luo, Zhihan;
Huang, Wenxuan;
Xing, Ran;
Sun, Chao;
Shen, Guofeng

Publication type:

Article

Size-resolved environmentally persistent free radicals in urban road dust and association with transition metals.

Published in:

Environmental Geochemistry & Health, 2023, v. 45, n. 11, p. 7829, doi. 10.1007/s10653-023-01688-4

By:

Xiao, Kai;
Wang, Zedong;
Zhou, Yousong;
Fu, Donglei;
Zhang, Yongqiang;
Luo, Zhihan;
Lin, Yichun;
Wang, Qingyue;
Pei, Juan;
Shen, Guofeng

Publication type:

Article

Updates in Air Pollution: Current Research and Future Challenges.

Published in:

Annals of Global Health, 2024, v. 90, n. 1, p. 1, doi. 10.5334/aogh.4363

By:

Vilcins, Dwan;
Christofferson, Rebecca C.;
Yoon, Jin-Ho;
Nazli, Siti Nurshahida;
Sly, Peter D.;
Cormier, Stephania A.;
Shen, Guofeng

Publication type:

Article

Recovery of ecosystem productivity in China due to the Clean Air Action plan.

Published in:

Nature Geoscience, 2024, v. 17, n. 12, p. 1233, doi. 10.1038/s41561-024-01586-z

By:

Zhou, Hao;
Yue, Xu;
Dai, Huibin;
Geng, Guannan;
Yuan, Wenping;
Chen, Jiquan;
Shen, Guofeng;
Zhang, Tianyi;
Zhu, Jun;
Liao, Hong

Publication type:

Article

Unclean but affordable solid fuels effectively sustained household energy equity.

Published in:

Nature Communications, 2024, v. 15, n. 1, p. 1, doi. 10.1038/s41467-024-54166-5

By:

Jiang, Ke;
Xing, Ran;
Luo, Zhihan;
Li, Yaojie;
Wang, Jinghang;
Zhang, Wenxiao;
Zhu, Yaqi;
Men, Yatai;
Shen, Guofeng;
Tao, Shu

Publication type:

Article

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Atmospheric Brown Carbon Emission from Combustion Sources in China.

Published in:

Chinese Geographical Science, 2024, v. 34, n. 6, p. 993, doi. 10.1007/s11769-024-1463-4

By:

Ouyang, Shuyu;
Jiang, Ke;
Xiong, Rui;
Men, Yatai;
Luo, Zhihan;
Xing, Ran;
Shen, Guofeng

Publication type:

Article

Letter to the Editor concerning "ChatGPT versus NASS clinical guidelines for degenerative spondylolisthesis: a comparative analysis" by Ahmed W, et al. (Eur Spine J [2024]: doi:10.1007/s00586-024-08198-6).

Published in:

2024

By:

Shen, Guofeng;
Li, Feng;
Zhu, Zhongxin

Publication type:

Letter

Characterization of weakly nonlinear effects in relationship to transducer parameters in focused ultrasound therapy.

Published in:

Medical Physics, 2024, v. 51, n. 10, p. 7619, doi. 10.1002/mp.17270

By:

Xu, Peng;
Wu, Hao;
Shen, Guofeng

Publication type:

Article

Do Storage Conditions Affect Collected Cookstove Emission Samples? Implications for Field Studies.

Published in:

Analytical Letters, 2023, v. 56, n. 12, p. 1911, doi. 10.1080/00032719.2022.2150772

By:

Mutlu, Esra;
Cristy, Tim;
Stiffler, Billie;
Waidyanatha, Suramya;
Chartier, Ryan;
Jetter, Jim;
Krantz, Todd;
Guofeng Shen;
Champion, Wyatt;
Miller, Brian;
Richey, Jamie;
Burback, Brian;
Rider, Cynthia V.

Publication type:

Article

Rigorous Regional Air Quality Standards for Substantial Health Benefits.

Published in:

Earth's Future, 2023, v. 11, n. 12, p. 1, doi. 10.1029/2023EF003860

By:

Zhang, Wenxiao;
Xu, Haoran;
Yu, Xinyuan;
Li, Jin;
Zhang, Yuanzheng;
Dai, Rong;
Zheng, Shuxiu;
Meng, Wenjun;
Shen, Huizhong;
Chen, Yilin;
Shen, Guofeng;
Ma, Jianmin;
Li, Bengang;
Liu, Junfeng;
Wang, Xuejun;
Tao, Shu

Publication type:

Article

Impacts of air pollutants from rural Chinese households under the rapid residential energy transition.

Published in:

Nature Communications, 2019, v. 10, n. 1, p. N.PAG, doi. 10.1038/s41467-019-11453-w

By:

Shen, Guofeng;
Du, Wei;
Zhu, Xi;
Zhong, Qirui;
Yun, Xiao;
Meng, Wenjun;
Liu, Junfeng;
Cheng, Hefa;
Hu, Jianying;
Ru, Muye;
Chen, Yilin;
Shen, Huizhong;
Tao, Shu;
Guan, Dabo

Publication type:

Article

Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Summertime Volatile Organic Compounds in a Fast Developing City in the Yangtze River Delta, China.

Published in:

Atmosphere, 2018, v. 9, n. 10, p. 373, doi. 10.3390/atmos9100373

By:

Zhang, Jie;
Zhao, Yu;
Zhao, Qiuyue;
Shen, Guofeng;
Liu, Qian;
Li, Chunyan;
Zhou, Derong;
Wang, Shekou

Publication type:

Article

Quantifying Functional Group Compositions of Household Fuel Burning Emissions.

Published in:

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions, 2023, p. 1, doi. 10.5194/amt-2023-90

By:

Li, Emily Y.;
Yazdani, Amir;
Dillner, Ann M.;
Guofeng Shen;
Champion, Wyatt M.;
Jetter, James J.;
Preston, William T.;
Russell, Lynn M.;
Hays, Michael D.;
Satoshi Takahama

Publication type:

Article

Erratum to: A Study of Heating Duration and Scanning Path in Focused Ultrasound Surgery.

Published in:

2012

By:

Li, Dehui;
Shen, Guofeng;
Luo, Hui;
Bai, Jingfeng;
Chen, Yazhu

Publication type:

Erratum

A Study of Heating Duration and Scanning Path in Focused Ultrasound Surgery.

Published in:

Journal of Medical Systems, 2011, v. 35, n. 5, p. 779, doi. 10.1007/s10916-010-9463-6

By:

Li, Dehui;
Shen, Guofeng;
Luo, Hui;
Bai, Jinfeng;
Chen, Yazhu

Publication type:

Article

Failure mode effect and criticality analysis of ultrasound device by classification tracking.

Published in:

2022

By:

Wang, Longchen;
Li, Bin;
Hu, Bing;
Shen, Guofeng;
Zheng, Yunxin;
Zheng, Yuanyi

Publication type:

Journal Article

Source differences in the components and cytotoxicity of PM2.5 from automobile exhaust, coal combustion, and biomass burning contributing to urban aerosol toxicity.

Published in:

Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 2023, p. 1, doi. 10.5194/egusphere-2023-598

By:

Xiao-San Luo;
Weijie Huang;
Guofeng Shen;
Yuting Pang;
Mingwei Tang;
Weijun Li;
Zhen Zhao;
Hanhan Li;
Yaqian Wei;
Longjiao Xie;
Mehmood, Tariq

Publication type:

Article

East Asian methane emissions inferred from high-resolution inversions of GOSAT and TROPOMI observations: a comparative and evaluative analysis.

Published in:

Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 2022, p. 1, doi. 10.5194/acp-2022-508

By:

Ruosi Liang;
Yuzhong Zhang;
Jingran Liu;
Wei Chen;
Peixuan Zhang;
Cuihong Chen;
Huiqin Mao;
Guofeng Shen;
Zhen Qu;
Zichong Chen;
Minqiang Zhou;
Pucai Wang;
Parker, Robert J.;
Boesch, Hartmut;
Lorente, Alba;
Maasakkers, Joannes D.;
Ilse Aben

Publication type:

Article

Upregulation of endothelial cell-derived exosomal microRNA-125b-5p protects from sepsis-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting topoisomerase II alpha.

Published in:

Inflammation Research, 2021, v. 70, n. 2, p. 205, doi. 10.1007/s00011-020-01415-0

By:

Jiang, Lijing;
Ni, Jindi;
Shen, Guofeng;
Xia, Zhuye;
Zhang, Lu;
Xia, Shihong;
Pan, Shengfu;
Qu, Hongping;
Li, Xiang

Publication type:

Article

Carbonaceous Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Human Exposure from Indoor Biomass Burning Practices.

Published in:

Environmental Engineering Science, 2012, v. 29, n. 11, p. 1038, doi. 10.1089/ees.2011.0543

By:

Zhong, Junjun;
Ding, Junnan;
Su, Yuhong;
Shen, Guofeng;
Yang, Yifeng;
Wang, Chen;
Simonich, Staci L. Massey;
Cao, Hongying;
Zhu, Ying;
Tao, Shu

Publication type:

Article

The efficacy and hyperthermic release of doxorubicin from liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride in rabbit VX2 tumours.

Published in:

International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2015, v. 31, n. 8, p. 900, doi. 10.3109/02656736.2015.1078502

By:

Xiong, Ping;
Ding, Angang;
Su, Zhiqiang;
Shen, Guofeng;
Chen, Yazhu;
Zhang, Su

Publication type:

Article

Global Biomass Burning Emission Contributions to Ice Nucleating Particles.

Published in:

Geophysical Research Letters, 2024, v. 51, n. 24, p. 1, doi. 10.1029/2024GL111881

By:

Zhao, Xucheng;
Jiang, Ke;
Ou'yang, Shuyu;
Li, Yaojie;
Wang, Yang;
Wang, Jiandong;
Zhao, Nan;
Shen, Guofeng

Publication type:

Article

Proton resonance frequency‐based thermometry for aqueous and adipose tissues.

Published in:

Medical Physics, 2021, v. 48, n. 10, p. 5651, doi. 10.1002/mp.15203

By:

Zong, Shenyan;
Shen, Guofeng;
Mei, Chang‐Sheng

Publication type:

Article

Effects of different parameters in the fast scanning method for HIFU treatment.

Published in:

Medical Physics, 2012, v. 39, n. 10, p. 5795, doi. 10.1118/1.4748329

By:

Qiao, Shan;
Shen, Guofeng;
Bai, Jingfeng;
Chen, Yazhu

Publication type:

Article

Trends in the sizes and carbonaceous fractions of primary emitted particulate matter in China from 1960 to 2019.

Published in:

National Science Review, 2025, v. 12, n. 3, p. 1, doi. 10.1093/nsr/nwaf003

By:

Zhang, Yuanzheng;
Li, Jin;
Zheng, Shuxiu;
Dai, Rong;
Wang, Jinghang;
Zhu, Yaqi;
Zhang, Wenxiao;
Xu, Haoran;
Shen, Guofeng;
Shen, Huizhong;
Ma, Jianmin;
Wang, Xuejun;
Tao, Shu

Publication type:

Article

Combustion-related isoprene contributes substantially to the formation of wintertime secondary organic aerosols.

Published in:

National Science Review, 2025, v. 12, n. 3, p. 1, doi. 10.1093/nsr/nwae474

By:

Zhang, Yanli;
Men, Yatai;
Guo, Hao;
Shen, Guofeng;
Gao, Yang;
Xiong, Rui;
Tao, Shu;
Wang, Xinming

Publication type:

Article

Mitigating black carbon emissions: key drivers in residential usage and coke/brick production.

Published in:

National Science Review, 2024, v. 11, n. 10, p. 1, doi. 10.1093/nsr/nwae283

By:

Li, Jin;
Zhang, Yuanzheng;
Zheng, Shuxiu;
Wang, Jinghang;
Dai, Rong;
Zhang, Wenxiao;
Xu, Haoran;
Shen, Huizhong;
Shen, Guofeng;
Cheng, Hefa;
Ma, Jianmin;
Tao, Shu

Publication type:

Article

Substantial transition to clean household energy mix in rural China.

Published in:

National Science Review, 2022, v. 9, n. 7, p. 1, doi. 10.1093/nsr/nwac050

By:

Shen, Guofeng;
Xiong, Rui;
Tian, Yanlin;
Luo, Zhihan;
Jiangtulu, Bahabaike;
Meng, Wenjun;
Du, Wei;
Meng, Jing;
Chen, Yuanchen;
Xue, Bing;
Wang, Bin;
Duan, Yonghong;
Duo, Jia;
Fan, Fenggui;
Huang, Lei;
Ju, Tianzhen;
Liu, Fenggui;
Li, Shunxin;
Liu, Xianli;
Li, Yungui

Publication type:

Article

Multiyear emissions of carbonaceous aerosols from cooking, fireworks, sacrificial incense, joss paper burning, and barbecue as well as their key driving forces in China.

Published in:

Earth System Science Data, 2022, v. 14, n. 10, p. 4757, doi. 10.5194/essd-14-4757-2022

By:

Cheng, Yi;
Kong, Shaofei;
Yao, Liquan;
Zheng, Huang;
Wu, Jian;
Yan, Qin;
Zheng, Shurui;
Hu, Yao;
Niu, Zhenzhen;
Yan, Yingying;
Shen, Zhenxing;
Shen, Guofeng;
Liu, Dantong;
Wang, Shuxiao;
Qi, Shihua

Publication type:

Article

Chemical composition, structures, and light absorption of N-containing aromatic compounds emitted from burning wood and charcoal in household cookstoves.

Published in:

2020

By:

Mingjie Xie;
Zhenzhen Zhao;
Holder, Amara L.;
Hays, Michael D.;
Xie Chen;
Guofeng Shen;
Jetter, James J.;
Qin'geng Wang

Publication type:

Abstract