Works matching AU Schönian, Gabriele

Results: 38

Strain specificity of yeasts isolated from different locations of women suffering from vaginal candidosis, and their partners Vergleich der Stammspezifität von Hefepilzen verschiedener Lokalisation bei Frauen mit Vaginalcandidosen.

Published in:

Mycoses, 2000, v. 43, n. 11/12, p. 387, doi. 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2000.00604.x

By:

Mendling, W.;
Pinto De Andrade, M.;
Gutschmidt, J.;
Gantenberg, R.;
Presber, W.;
Schönian, Gabriele

Publication type:

Article

Anwendung molekularbiologischer Methoden für Diagnostik und Epidemiologie humaner Pilzinfektionen.

Published in:

Mycoses, 1996, v. 39, p. 73, doi. 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1996.tb00509.x

By:

Schönian, Gabriele;
Tietz, H.-J.;
Thanos, M.;
Gräser, Yvonne

Publication type:

Article

Wandel des dermatomykologischen Erregerspektrums.

Published in:

Mycoses, 1995, v. 38, p. 33, doi. 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1995.tb00482.x

By:

Tietz, H.-J.;
Kunzelmann, V.;
Schönian, Gabriele

Publication type:

Article

Visceral Leishmaniasis during Italian Renaissance, 1522-1562.

Published in:

Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2012, v. 18, n. 1, p. 184, doi. 10.3201/eid1801.102001

By:

Nerlich, Andreas G.;
Bianucci, Raffaella;
Trisciuoglio, Anna;
Schönian, Gabriele;
Ball, Markus;
Giuffra, Valentina;
Bachmeier, Beatrice;
Pusch, Carsten M.;
Ferroglio, Ezio;
Fornaciari, Gino

Publication type:

Article

Population Structure and Evidence for Both Clonality and Recombination among Brazilian Strains of the Subgenus Leishmania (Viannia).

Published in:

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2013, v. 7, n. 10, p. 1, doi. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002490

By:

Kuhls, Katrin;
Cupolillo, Elisa;
Silva, Soraia O.;
Schweynoch, Carola;
Côrtes Boité, Mariana;
Mello, Maria N.;
Mauricio, Isabel;
Miles, Michael;
Wirth, Thierry;
Schönian, Gabriele

Publication type:

Article

Population Structure and Evidence for Both Clonality and Recombination among Brazilian Strains of the Subgenus Leishmania (Viannia).

Published in:

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2013, v. 7, n. 10, p. 1, doi. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002490

By:

Kuhls, Katrin;
Cupolillo, Elisa;
Silva, Soraia O.;
Schweynoch, Carola;
Côrtes Boité, Mariana;
Mello, Maria N.;
Mauricio, Isabel;
Miles, Michael;
Wirth, Thierry;
Schönian, Gabriele

Publication type:

Article

First Molecular Epidemiological Study of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Libya.

Published in:

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2012, v. 6, n. 6, p. 1, doi. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001700

By:

Amro, Ahmad;
Gashout, Aisha;
Al-Dwibe, Hamida;
Zahangir Alam, Mohammad;
Annajar, Badereddin;
Hamarsheh, Omar;
Shubar, Hend;
Schönian, Gabriele

Publication type:

Article

First Molecular Epidemiological Study of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Libya.

Published in:

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2012, v. 6, n. 6, p. 1, doi. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001700

By:

Amro, Ahmad;
Gashout, Aisha;
Al-Dwibe, Hamida;
Alam, Mohammad Zahangir;
Annajar, Badereddin;
Hamarsheh, Omar;
Shubar, Hend;
Schönian, Gabriele

Publication type:

Article

Multilocus Microsatellite Typing (MLMT) of Strains from Turkey and Cyprus Reveals a Novel Monophyletic L. donovani Sensu Lato Group.

Published in:

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2012, v. 6, n. 2, p. 1, doi. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001507

By:

Gouzelou, Evi;
Haralambous, Christos;
Amro, Ahmad;
Mentis, Andreas;
Pratlong, Francine;
Dedet, Jean-Pierre;
Votypka, Jan;
Volf, Petr;
Ozensoy Toz, Seray;
Kuhls, Katrin;
Schönian, Gabriele;
Soteriadou, Ketty

Publication type:

Article

Multilocus Microsatellite Typing (MLMT) of Strains from Turkey and Cyprus Reveals a Novel Monophyletic L. donovani Sensu Lato Group.

Published in:

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2012, v. 6, n. 2, p. 1, doi. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001507

By:

Gouzelou, Evi;
Haralambous, Christos;
Amro, Ahmad;
Mentis, Andreas;
Pratlong, Francine;
Dedet, Jean-Pierre;
Votypka, Jan;
Volf, Petr;
Toz, Seray Ozensoy;
Kuhls, Katrin;
Schönian, Gabriele;
Soteriadou, Ketty

Publication type:

Article

Moroccan Leishmania infantum: genetic diversity and population structure as revealed by multi-locus microsatellite typing.

Published in:

2011

By:

Hamdi, Salsabil;
Amro, Ahmad;
Schönian, Gabriele;
Lemrani, Meryem

Publication type:

Abstract

Molecular epidemiology and population genetics in Leishmania.

Published in:

Medical Microbiology & Immunology, 2001, v. 190, n. 1/2, p. 61, doi. 10.1007/s004300100081

By:

Schönian, Gabriele;
El Fari, Mustafa;
Lewin, Sylke;
Schweynoch, Carola;
Presber, Wolfgang

Publication type:

Article

A narrative review of visceral leishmaniasis in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, the Crimean Peninsula and Southern Russia.

Published in:

Parasites & Vectors, 2015, v. 8, n. 1, p. 1, doi. 10.1186/s13071-015-0925-z

By:

Strelkova, Margarita V.;
Ponirovsky, Evgeny N.;
Morozov, Evgeny N.;
Zhirenkina, Ekaterina N.;
Razakov, Shavkat A.;
Kovalenko, Dmitriy A.;
Schnur, Lionel F.;
Schönian, Gabriele

Publication type:

Article

Leishmania donovani populations in Eastern Sudan: temporal structuring and a link between human and canine transmission.

Published in:

Parasites & Vectors, 2014, v. 7, n. 1, p. 496, doi. 10.1186/s13071-014-0496-4

By:

Baleela, Rania;
Llewellyn, Martin S;
Fitzpatrick, Sinead;
Kuhls, Katrin;
Schönian, Gabriele;
Miles, Michael A;
Mauricio, Isabel L

Publication type:

Article

Population genetics of Leishmania (Leishmania) major DNA isolated from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients in Pakistan based on multilocus microsatellite typing.

Published in:

Parasites & Vectors, 2014, v. 7, n. 1, p. 332, doi. 10.1186/1756-3305-7-332

By:

Alam, Mohammad Zahangir;
Bhutto, Abdul Manan;
Soomro, Farooq Rahman;
Baloch, Javed Hussain;
Nakao, Ryo;
Kato, Hirotomo;
Schönian, Gabriele;
Uezato, Hiroshi;
Hashiguchi, Yoshihisa;
Katakura, Ken

Publication type:

Article

Multilocus microsatellite typing reveals a genetic relationship but, also, genetic differences between Indian strains of Leishmania tropica causing cutaneous leishmaniasis and those causing visceral leishmaniasis.

Published in:

Parasites & Vectors, 2014, v. 7, n. 1, p. 123, doi. 10.1186/1756-3305-7-123

By:

Krayter, Lena;
Bumb, Ram A;
Azmi, Kifaya;
Wuttke, Julia;
Malik, Mariam D;
Schnur, Lionel F;
Salotra, Poonam;
Schönian, Gabriele

Publication type:

Article

Genetic diversity and structure in Leishmania infantum populations from southeastern Europe revealed by microsatellite analysis.

Published in:

Parasites & Vectors, 2013, v. 6, n. 1, p. 1, doi. 10.1186/1756-3305-6-342

By:

Gouzelou, Evi;
Haralambous, Christos;
Antoniou, Maria;
Christodoulou, Vasiliki;
Martinković, Franjo;
Živičnjak, Tatjana;
Smirlis, Despina;
Pratlong, Francine;
Dedet, Jean-Pierre;
Özbel, Yusuf;
Özensoy Toz, Seray;
Presber, Wolfgang;
Schönian, Gabriele;
Soteriadou, Ketty

Publication type:

Article

Canine leishmaniosis and its relationship to human visceral leishmaniasis in Eastern Uzbekistan.

Published in:

Parasites & Vectors, 2011, v. 4, n. 1, p. 58, doi. 10.1186/1756-3305-4-58

By:

Kovalenko, Dmitriy A.;
Razakov, Shavkat A.;
Ponirovsky, Evgeny N.;
Warburg, Alon;
Nasyrova, Rokhat M.;
Ponomareva, Valentina I.;
Fatullaeva, Aziza A.;
Nasereddin, Abdelmajeed;
Klement, Eyal;
Alam, Mohammad Z.;
Schnur, Lionel F.;
Jaffe, Charles L.;
Schönian, Gabriele;
Baneth, Gad

Publication type:

Article

Diversity of Leishmania species and of strains of Leishmania major isolated from desert rodents in different foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran.

Published in:

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 2014, v. 108, n. 8, p. 502, doi. 10.1093/trstmh/tru085

By:

Mirzaei, Asad;
Schweynoch, Carola;
Rouhani, Soheila;
Parvizi, Parviz;
Schönian, Gabriele

Publication type:

Article

Epidemiological and clinical features of cutaneous leishmaniases in Jenin District, Palestine, including characterisation of the causative agents in clinical samples

Published in:

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 2012, v. 106, n. 9, p. 554, doi. 10.1016/j.trstmh.2012.06.005

By:

Azmi, Kifaya;
Schönian, Gabriele;
Nasereddin, Abedelmajeed;
Schnur, Lionel F.;
Sawalha, Samir;
Hamarsheh, Omar;
Ereqat, Suheir;
Amro, Ahmad;
Qaddomi, Sharif E.;
Abdeen, Ziad

Publication type:

Article

Modular Multiantigen T Cell Epitope-Enriched DNA Vaccine Against Human Leishmaniasis.

Published in:

Science Translational Medicine, 2014, v. 6, n. 234, p. 1, doi. 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008222

By:

Das, Shantanabha;
Freier, Anja;
Boussoffara, Thouraya;
Das, Sushmita;
Oswald, Detlef;
Losch, Florian O.;
Selka, Melanie;
Sacerdoti-Sierra, Nina;
Schönian, Gabriele;
Wiesmüller, Karl-Heinz;
Seifert, Karin;
Schroff, Matthias;
Juhls, Christiane;
Jaffe, Charles L.;
Roy, Syamal;
Das, Pradeep;
Louzir, Hechmi;
Croft, Simon L.;
Modabber, Farrokh;
Walden, Peter

Publication type:

Article

Identification of geographically distributed sub-populations of Leishmania (Leishmania) major by microsatellite analysis.

Published in:

BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2008, v. 8, p. 1, doi. 10.1186/1471-2148-8-183

By:

Al-Jawabreh, Amer;
Diezmann, Stephanie;
Müller, Michaela;
Wirth, Thierry;
Schnur, Lionel F.;
Strelkova, Margarita V.;
Kovalenko, Dmitri A.;
Razakov, Shavkat A.;
Schwenkenbecher, Jan;
Kuhls, Katrin;
Schönian, Gabriele

Publication type:

Article

Antwort.

Published in:

Journal of Laboratory Medicine / Laboratoriums Medizin, 1994, v. 18, n. 10, p. 474

By:

Bollmann, Renate;
Schönian, Gabriele

Publication type:

Article

Evaluierung eines PCR-Testsystems für den Direktnachweis von Chlamydia trachomatis.

Published in:

Journal of Laboratory Medicine / Laboratoriums Medizin, 1994, v. 18, n. 4, p. 138

By:

Schönian, Gabriele;
Bollmann, Renate;
Schweynoch, Carola;
Gudd, Doris;
Halle, H.;
Schwarz, M.;
Presber, W.

Publication type:

Article

Comparative Microsatellite Typing of New World Leishmania infantum Reveals Low Heterogeneity among Populations and Its Recent Old World Origin.

Published in:

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2011, v. 5, n. 6, p. 1, doi. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001155

By:

Kuhls, Katrin;
Alam, Mohammad Zahangir;
Cupolillo, Elisa;
Ferreira, Gabriel Eduardo M.;
Mauricio, Isabel L.;
Oddone, Rolando;
Feliciangeli, M. Dora;
Wirth, Thierry;
Miles, Michael A.;
Schönian, Gabriele

Publication type:

Article

Comparative Microsatellite Typing of New World Leishmania infantum Reveals Low Heterogeneity among Populations and Its Recent Old World Origin.

Published in:

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2011, v. 5, n. 6, p. 1, doi. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001155

By:

Kuhls, Katrin;
Zahangir Alam, Mohammad;
Cupolillo, Elisa;
Ferreira, Gabriel Eduardo M.;
Mauricio, Isabel L.;
Oddone, Rolando;
Feliciangeli, M. Dora;
Wirth, Thierry;
Miles, Michael A.;
Schönian, Gabriele

Publication type:

Article

Inference of Population Structure of Leishmania donovani Strains Isolated from Different Ethiopian Visceral Leishmaniasis Endemic Areas.

Published in:

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2010, v. 4, n. 11, p. 1, doi. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000889

By:

Gelanew, Tesfaye;
Kuhls, Katrin;
Hurissa, Zewdu;
Weldegebreal, Teklu;
Hailu, Workagegnehu;
Kassahun, Aysheshm;
Abebe, Tamrat;
Hailu, Asrat;
Schönian, Gabriele

Publication type:

Article

Inference of Population Structure of Leishmania donovani Strains Isolated from Different Ethiopian Visceral Leishmaniasis Endemic Areas.

Published in:

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2010, v. 4, n. 11, p. 1, doi. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000889

By:

Gelanew, Tesfaye;
Kuhls, Katrin;
Hurissa, Zewdu;
Weldegebreal, Teklu;
Hailu, Workagegnehu;
Kassahun, Aysheshm;
Abebe, Tamrat;
Hailu, Asrat;
Schönian, Gabriele

Publication type:

Article

Detection and Identification of Old World Leishmania by High Resolution Melt Analysis.

Published in:

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2010, v. 4, n. 1, p. 1, doi. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000581

By:

Talmi-Frank, Dalit;
Nasereddin, Abedelmajeed;
Schnur, Lionel F.;
Schönian, Gabriele;
Töz, Seray Özensoy;
Jaffe, Charles L.;
Baneth, Gad

Publication type:

Article

Detection and Identification of Old World Leishmania by High Resolution Melt Analysis.

Published in:

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2010, v. 4, n. 1, p. 1, doi. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000581

By:

Talmi-Frank, Dalit;
Nasereddin, Abedelmajeed;
Schnur, Lionel F.;
Schönian, Gabriele;
Töz, Seray Özensoy;
Jaffe, Charles L.;
Baneth, Gad

Publication type:

Article

Variability of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Lesions Is Not Associated with Genetic Diversity of Leishmania tropica in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan.

Published in:

American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 2017, v. 97, n. 5, p. 1489, doi. 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0887

By:

Khan, Nazma Habib;
Llewellyn, Martin S.;
Schönian, Gabriele;
Sutherland, Colin J.

Publication type:

Article

The Genetic Relationship between Leishmania aethiopica and Leishmania tropica Revealed by Comparing Microsatellite Profiles.

Published in:

PLoS ONE, 2015, v. 10, n. 7, p. 1, doi. 10.1371/journal.pone.0131227

By:

Krayter, Lena;
Schnur, Lionel F.;
Schönian, Gabriele

Publication type:

Article

Moroccan Leishmania infantum: Genetic Diversity and Population Structure as Revealed by Multi-Locus Microsatellite Typing.

Published in:

PLoS ONE, 2013, v. 8, n. 10, p. 1, doi. 10.1371/journal.pone.0077778

By:

Amro, Ahmad;
Hamdi, Salsabil;
Lemrani, Meryem;
Mouna, Idrissi;
Mohammed, Hida;
Mostafa, Sabri;
Rhajaoui, Mohamed;
Hamarsheh, Omar;
Schönian, Gabriele

Publication type:

Article

Spatiotemporal and molecular epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Libya.

Published in:

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2017, v. 11, n. 9, p. 1, doi. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005873

By:

Amro, Ahmad;
Al-Dwibe, Hamida;
Gashout, Aisha;
Moskalenko, Olga;
Galafin, Marlena;
Hamarsheh, Omar;
Frohme, Marcus;
Jaeschke, Anja;
Schönian, Gabriele;
Kuhls, Katrin

Publication type:

Article

Genetic Markers for SSG Resistance in Leishmania donovani and SSG Treatment Failure in Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients of the Indian Subcontinent.

Published in:

Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2012, v. 206, n. 5, p. 752, doi. 10.1093/infdis/jis424

By:

Vanaerschot, Manu;
Decuypere, Saskia;
Downing, Tim;
Imamura, Hideo;
Stark, Olivia;
De Doncker, Simonne;
Roy, Syamal;
Ostyn, Bart;
Maes, Louis;
Khanal, Basudha;
Boelaert, Marleen;
Schönian, Gabriele;
Berriman, Matthew;
Chappuis, François;
Dujardin, Jean-Claude;
Sundar, Shyam;
Rijal, Suman

Publication type:

Article

Identification of Old World Leishmania species by PCR–RFLP of the 7 spliced leader RNA gene and reverse dot blot assay.

Published in:

Tropical Medicine & International Health, 2010, v. 15, n. 8, p. 872, doi. 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02551.x

By:

Azmi, Kifaya;
Nasereddin, Abedelmajeed;
Ereqat, Suheir;
Schönian, Gabriele;
Abdeen, Ziad

Publication type:

Article

PCR diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic region, Mymensingh district, Bangladesh.

Published in:

Tropical Medicine & International Health, 2009, v. 14, n. 5, p. 499, doi. 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02254.x

By:

Alam, Mohammad Zahangir;
Shamsuzzaman, Abul Khair M.;
Kuhls, Katrin;
Schönian, Gabriele

Publication type:

Article

Identification of pathogenic yeasts of the imperfect genus Candida by polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting.

Published in:

Electrophoresis, 1997, v. 18, n. 9, p. 1548, doi. 10.1002/elps.1150180911

By:

Meyer, Wieland;
Latouche, G. Nicolas;
Daniel, Heide-Marie;
Thanos, Marcus;
Mitchell, Thomas G.;
Yarrow, David;
Schönian, Gabriele;
Sorrell, Tania C.

Publication type:

Article

Works matching AU Schönian, Gabriele

Strain specificity of yeasts isolated from different locations of women suffering from vaginal candidosis, and their partners Vergleich der Stammspezifität von Hefepilzen verschiedener Lokalisation bei Frauen mit Vaginalcandidosen.

Anwendung molekularbiologischer Methoden für Diagnostik und Epidemiologie humaner Pilzinfektionen.

Wandel des dermatomykologischen Erregerspektrums.

Visceral Leishmaniasis during Italian Renaissance, 1522-1562.

Population Structure and Evidence for Both Clonality and Recombination among Brazilian Strains of the Subgenus Leishmania (Viannia).

Population Structure and Evidence for Both Clonality and Recombination among Brazilian Strains of the Subgenus <i>Leishmania</i> (<i>Viannia</i>).

First Molecular Epidemiological Study of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Libya.

First Molecular Epidemiological Study of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Libya.

Multilocus Microsatellite Typing (MLMT) of Strains from Turkey and Cyprus Reveals a Novel Monophyletic L. donovani Sensu Lato Group.

Multilocus Microsatellite Typing (MLMT) of Strains from Turkey and Cyprus Reveals a Novel Monophyletic L. donovani Sensu Lato Group.

Moroccan Leishmania infantum: genetic diversity and population structure as revealed by multi-locus microsatellite typing.

Molecular epidemiology and population genetics in Leishmania.

A narrative review of visceral leishmaniasis in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, the Crimean Peninsula and Southern Russia.

Leishmania donovani populations in Eastern Sudan: temporal structuring and a link between human and canine transmission.

Population genetics of Leishmania (Leishmania) major DNA isolated from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients in Pakistan based on multilocus microsatellite typing.

Multilocus microsatellite typing reveals a genetic relationship but, also, genetic differences between Indian strains of Leishmania tropica causing cutaneous leishmaniasis and those causing visceral leishmaniasis.

Genetic diversity and structure in Leishmania infantum populations from southeastern Europe revealed by microsatellite analysis.

Canine leishmaniosis and its relationship to human visceral leishmaniasis in Eastern Uzbekistan.

Diversity of Leishmania species and of strains of Leishmania major isolated from desert rodents in different foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran.

Epidemiological and clinical features of cutaneous leishmaniases in Jenin District, Palestine, including characterisation of the causative agents in clinical samples

Modular Multiantigen T Cell Epitope-Enriched DNA Vaccine Against Human Leishmaniasis.

Identification of geographically distributed sub-populations of Leishmania (Leishmania) major by microsatellite analysis.

Antwort.

Evaluierung eines PCR-Testsystems für den Direktnachweis von Chlamydia trachomatis.

Comparative Microsatellite Typing of New World Leishmania infantum Reveals Low Heterogeneity among Populations and Its Recent Old World Origin.

Comparative Microsatellite Typing of New World Leishmania infantum Reveals Low Heterogeneity among Populations and Its Recent Old World Origin.

Inference of Population Structure of Leishmania donovani Strains Isolated from Different Ethiopian Visceral Leishmaniasis Endemic Areas.

Inference of Population Structure of Leishmania donovani Strains Isolated from Different Ethiopian Visceral Leishmaniasis Endemic Areas.

Detection and Identification of Old World Leishmania by High Resolution Melt Analysis.

Detection and Identification of Old World Leishmania by High Resolution Melt Analysis.

Variability of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Lesions Is Not Associated with Genetic Diversity of Leishmania tropica in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan.

The Genetic Relationship between Leishmania aethiopica and Leishmania tropica Revealed by Comparing Microsatellite Profiles.

Moroccan <i>Leishmania infantum</i>: Genetic Diversity and Population Structure as Revealed by Multi-Locus Microsatellite Typing.

Spatiotemporal and molecular epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Libya.

Genetic Markers for SSG Resistance in Leishmania donovani and SSG Treatment Failure in Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients of the Indian Subcontinent.

Identification of Old World Leishmania species by PCR–RFLP of the 7 spliced leader RNA gene and reverse dot blot assay.

PCR diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic region, Mymensingh district, Bangladesh.

Identification of pathogenic yeasts of the imperfect genus Candida by polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting.