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The ENSO signal in atmospheric composition fields: emission-driven versus dynamically induced changes.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2015, v. 15, n. 15, p. 9083, doi. 10.5194/acp-15-9083-2015
By:
- Inness, A.;
- Benedetti, A.;
- Flemming, J.;
- Huijnen, V.;
- Kaiser, J. W.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Remy, S.
Publication type:
Article
Data assimilation of satellite-retrieved ozone, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide with ECMWF's Composition-IFS.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2015, v. 15, n. 9, p. 5275, doi. 10.5194/acp-15-5275-2015
By:
- Inness, A.;
- Blechschmidt, A.-M.;
- Bouarar, I.;
- Chabrillat, S.;
- Crepulja, M.;
- Engelen, R. J.;
- Eskes, H.;
- Flemming, J.;
- Gaudel, A.;
- Hendrick, F.;
- Huijnen, V.;
- Jones, L.;
- Kapsomenakis, J.;
- Katragkou, E.;
- Keppens, A.;
- Langerock, B.;
- de Mazière, M.;
- Melas, D.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Peuch, V. H.
Publication type:
Article
A comparison of four receptor models used to quantify the boreal wildfire smoke contribution to surface PM2.5 in Halifax, Nova Scotia during the BORTAS-B experiment.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2015, v. 15, n. 2, p. 815, doi. 10.5194/acp-15-815-2015
By:
- Gibson, M. D.;
- Haelssig, J.;
- Pierce, J. R.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Franklin, J. E.;
- Hopper, J. T.;
- Li, Z.;
- Ward, T. J.
Publication type:
Article
Origin, variability and age of biomass burning plumes intercepted during BORTAS-B.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2014, v. 14, n. 24, p. 13789, doi. 10.5194/acp-14-13789-2014
By:
- Finch, D. P.;
- Palmer, P. I.;
- Parrington, M.
Publication type:
Article
Size-dependent wet removal of black carbon in Canadian biomass burning plumes.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2014, v. 14, n. 24, p. 13755, doi. 10.5194/acp-14-13755-2014
By:
- Taylor, J. W.;
- Allan, J. D.;
- Allen, G.;
- Coe, H.;
- Williams, P. I.;
- Flynn, M. J.;
- Breton, M. Le;
- Muller, J. B. A.;
- Percival, C. J.;
- Oram, D.;
- Forster, G.;
- Lee, J. D.;
- Rickard, A. R.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Palmer, P. I.
Publication type:
Article
A case study of aerosol scavenging in a biomass burning plume over eastern Canada during the 2011 BORTAS field experiment.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2014, v. 14, n. 16, p. 8449, doi. 10.5194/acp-14-8449-2014
By:
- Franklin, J. E.;
- Drummond, J. R.;
- Griffin, D.;
- Pierce, J. R.;
- Waugh, D. L.;
- Palmer, P. I.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Lee, J. D.;
- Lewis, A. C.;
- Rickard, A. R.;
- Taylor, J. W.;
- Allan, J. D.;
- Coe, H.;
- Walker, K. A.;
- Chisholm, L.;
- Duck, T. J.;
- Hopper, J. T.;
- Blanchard, Y.;
- Gibson, M. D.;
- Curry, K. R.
Publication type:
Article
Airborne observations of trace gases over boreal Canada during BORTAS: campaign climatology, air mass analysis and enhancement ratios.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2013, v. 13, n. 24, p. 12451, doi. 10.5194/acp-13-12451-2013
By:
- O'Shea, S. J. O.;
- Allen, G.;
- Gallagher, M. W.;
- Bauguitte, S. J.-B.;
- Illingworth, S. M.;
- Le Breton, M.;
- Muller, J. B. A.;
- Percival, C. J.;
- Archibald, A. T.;
- Oram, D. E.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Palmer, P. I.;
- Lewis, A. C.
Publication type:
Article
Investigation of CO, C2H6 and aerosols in a boreal fire plume over eastern Canada during BORTAS 2011 using ground- and satellite-based observations and model simulations.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2013, v. 13, n. 20, p. 10227, doi. 10.5194/acp-13-10227-2013
By:
- Griffin, D.;
- Walker, K. A.;
- Franklin, J. E.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Whaley, C.;
- Hopper, J.;
- Drummond, J. R.;
- Palmer, P. I.;
- Strong, K.;
- Duck, T. J.;
- Abboud, I.;
- Bernath, P. F.;
- Clerbaux, C.;
- Coheur, P. F.;
- Curry, K. R.;
- Dan, L.;
- Hyer, E.;
- Kliever, J.;
- Lesins, G.;
- Maurice, M.
Publication type:
Article
"Airborne hydrogen cyanide measurements using a chemical ionisation mass spectrometer for the plume identification of biomass burning forest fires" published in Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9217-9232, 2013.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2013, v. 13, n. 19, p. 9915, doi. 10.5194/acp-13-9915-2013
By:
- Breton, M. Le;
- Bacak, A.;
- Muller, J. B. A.;
- O'Shea, S. J.;
- Xiao, P.;
- Ashfold, M. N. R.;
- Cooke, M. C.;
- Batt, R.;
- Shallcross, D. E.;
- Oram, D. E.;
- Forster, G.;
- Bauguitte, S. J. B.;
- Palmer, P. I.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Lewis, A. C.;
- Lee, J. D.;
- Percival, C. J.
Publication type:
Article
Ozone photochemistry in boreal biomass burning plumes.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2013, v. 13, n. 15, p. 7321, doi. 10.5194/acp-13-7321-2013
By:
- Parrington, M.;
- Palmer, P. I.;
- Lewis, A. C.;
- Lee, J. D.;
- Rickard, A. R.;
- Carlo, P. Di;
- Taylor, J. W.;
- Hopkins, J. R.;
- Punjabi, S.;
- Oram, D. E.;
- Forster, G.;
- Aruffo, E.;
- Moller, S. J.;
- Bauguitte, S. J. -B.;
- Allan, J. D.;
- Coe, H.;
- Leigh, R. J.
Publication type:
Article
The influence of biomass burning on the global distribution of selected non-methane organic compounds.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2013, v. 13, n. 2, p. 851, doi. 10.5194/acp-13-851-2013
By:
- Lewis, A. C.;
- Evans, M. J.;
- Hopkins, J. R.;
- Punjabi, S.;
- Read, K. A.;
- Purvis, R. M.;
- Andrews, S. J.;
- Moller, S. J.;
- Carpenter, L. J.;
- Lee, J. D.;
- Rickard, A. R.;
- Palmer, P. I.;
- Parrington, M.
Publication type:
Article
The influence of boreal biomass burning emissions on the distribution of tropospheric ozone over North America and the North Atlantic during 2010.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2012, v. 12, n. 4, p. 2077, doi. 10.5194/acp-12-2077-2012
By:
- Parrington, M.;
- Palmer, P. I.;
- Henze, D. K.;
- Tarasick, D. W.;
- Hyer, E. J.;
- Owen, R. C.;
- Helmig, D.;
- Clerbaux, C.;
- Bowman, K. W.;
- Deeter, M. N.;
- Barratt, E. M.;
- Coheur, P.-F.;
- Hurtmans, D.;
- Jiang, Z.;
- George, M.;
- Worden, J. R.;
- Shindell, D.
Publication type:
Article
Impact of the assimilation of ozone from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer on surface ozone across North America.
Published in:
Geophysical Research Letters, 2009, v. 36, n. 4, p. n/a, doi. 10.1029/2008GL036935
By:
- Parrington, M.;
- Jones, D. B. A.;
- Bowman, K. W.;
- Thompson, A. M.;
- Tarasick, D. W.;
- Merrill, J.;
- Oltmans, S. J.;
- Leblanc, T.;
- Witte, J. C.;
- Millet, D. B.
Publication type:
Article
Fire carbon emissions over maritime southeast Asia in 2015 largest since 1997.
Published in:
Scientific Reports, 2016, p. 26886, doi. 10.1038/srep26886
By:
- Huijnen, V.;
- Wooster, M. J.;
- Kaiser, J. W.;
- Gaveau, D. L. A.;
- Flemming, J.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Inness, A.;
- Murdiyarso, D.;
- Main, B.;
- van Weele, M.
Publication type:
Article
Impacts of midlatitude precursor emissions and local photochemistry on ozone abundances in the Arctic.
Published in:
Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres, 2012, v. 117, n. D1, p. n/a, doi. 10.1029/2011JD016370
By:
- Walker, T. W.;
- Jones, D. B. A.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Henze, D. K.;
- Murray, L. T.;
- Bottenheim, J. W.;
- Anlauf, K.;
- Worden, J. R.;
- Bowman, K. W.;
- Shim, C.;
- Singh, K.;
- Kopacz, M.;
- Tarasick, D. W.;
- Davies, J.;
- Gathen, P.;
- Thompson, A. M.;
- Carouge, C. C.
Publication type:
Article
The vertical distribution of ozone instantaneous radiative forcing from satellite and chemistry climate models.
Published in:
Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres, 2011, v. 116, n. D1, p. n/a, doi. 10.1029/2010JD014243
By:
- Aghedo, A. M.;
- Bowman, K. W.;
- Worden, H. M.;
- Kulawik, S. S.;
- Shindell, D. T.;
- Lamarque, J. F.;
- Faluvegi, G.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Jones, D. B. A.;
- Rast, S.
Publication type:
Article
Investigation of CO, C2H6 and aerosols in a boreal fire plume over eastern Canada during BORTAS 2011 using ground- and satellite-based observations, and model simulations.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 2013, v. 13, n. 4, p. 11071, doi. 10.5194/acpd-13-11071-2013
By:
- Griffin, D.;
- Walker, K. A.;
- Franklin, J. E.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Whaley, C.;
- Hopper, J.;
- Drummond, J. R.;
- Palmer, P. I.;
- Strong, K.;
- Duck, T. J.;
- Abboud, I.;
- Bernath, P. F.;
- Clerbaux, C.;
- Coheur, P. -F.;
- Curry, K. R.;
- Dan, L.;
- Hyer, E.;
- Kliever, J.;
- Lesins, G.;
- Maurice, M.
Publication type:
Article
Quantifying the impact of BOReal forest fires on Tropospheric oxidants over the Atlantic using Aircraft and Satellites (BORTAS) experiment: design, execution and science overview.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 2013, v. 13, n. 2, p. 4127, doi. 10.5194/acpd-13-4127-2013
By:
- Palmer, P. I.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Lee, J. D.;
- Lewis, A. C.;
- Rickard, A. R.;
- Bernath, P. F.;
- Duck, T. J.;
- Waugh, D. L.;
- Tarasick, D. W.;
- Andrews, S.;
- Aruffo, E.;
- Bailey, L. J.;
- Barrett, E.;
- Bauguitte, S. J.-B.;
- Curry, K. R.;
- Di Carlo, P.;
- Chisholm, L.;
- Dan, L.;
- Forster, G.;
- Franklin, J. E.
Publication type:
Article
Ozone photochemistry in boreal biomass burning plumes.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 2013, v. 13, n. 1, p. 1795, doi. 10.5194/acpd-13-1795-2013
By:
- Parrington, M.;
- Palmer, P. I.;
- Lewis, A. C.;
- Lee, J. D.;
- Rickard, A. R.;
- Di Carlo, P.;
- Taylor, J. W.;
- Hopkins, J. R.;
- Punjabi, S.;
- Oram, D. E.;
- Forster, G.;
- Aruffo, E.;
- Moller, S. J.;
- Bauguitte, S. J.-B.;
- Allan, J. D.;
- Coe, H.;
- Leigh, R. J.
Publication type:
Article
The influence of boreal forest fires on the global distribution of non-methane hydrocarbons.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 2012, v. 12, n. 9, p. 23433, doi. 10.5194/acpd-12-23433-2012
By:
- Lewis, A. C.;
- Evans, M. J.;
- Hopkins, J. R.;
- Punjabi, S.;
- Read, K. A.;
- Andrews, S.;
- Moller, S. J.;
- Carpenter, L. J.;
- Lee, J. D.;
- Rickard, A. R.;
- Palmer, P. I.;
- Parrington, M.
Publication type:
Article
The influence of boreal biomass burning emissions on the distribution of tropospheric ozone over North America and the North Atlantic during 2010.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 2011, v. 11, n. 9, p. 25099, doi. 10.5194/acpd-11-25099-2011
By:
- Parrington, M.;
- Palmer, P. I.;
- Henze, D. K.;
- Tarasick, D. W.;
- Hyer, E. J.;
- Owen, R. C.;
- Helmig, D.;
- Clerbaux, C.;
- Bowman, K. W.;
- Deeter, M. N.;
- Barratt, E. M.;
- Coheur, P.-F.;
- Hurtmans, D.;
- George, M.;
- Worden, J. R.
Publication type:
Article
Ozone data assimilation with GEOS-Chem: a comparison between 3-D-Var, 4-D-Var, and suboptimal Kalman filter approaches.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 2011, v. 11, n. 8, p. 22247, doi. 10.5194/acpd-11-22247-2011
By:
- Singh, K.;
- Sandu, A.;
- Bowman, K. W.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Jones, D. B. A.;
- Lee, M.
Publication type:
Article
Estimating the summertime tropospheric ozone distribution over North America through assimilation of observations from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer.
Published in:
Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres, 2008, v. 113, n. D18, p. n/a, doi. 10.1029/2007JD009341
By:
- Parrington, M.;
- Jones, D. B. A.;
- Bowman, K. W.;
- Horowitz, L. W.;
- Thompson, A. M.;
- Tarasick, D. W.;
- Witte, J. C.
Publication type:
Article
The CAMS interim Reanalysis of Carbon Monoxide, Ozone and Aerosol for 2003-2015.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 2016, p. 1, doi. 10.5194/acp-2016-666
By:
- Flemming, J.;
- Benedetti, A.;
- Inness, A.;
- Engelen, R.;
- Jones, L.;
- Huijnen, V.;
- Remy, S.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Suttie, M.;
- Bozzo, A.;
- Peuch, V.-H.;
- Akritidis, D.;
- Katragkou, E.
Publication type:
Article
Carbon monoxide climatology derived from the trajectory mapping of global MOZAIC-IAGOS data.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 2015, v. 15, n. 21, p. 29871, doi. 10.5194/acpd-15-29871-2015
By:
- Osman, M.;
- Tarasick, D. W.;
- Liu, J.;
- Moeini, O.;
- Thouret, V.;
- Fioletov, V. E.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Nédélec, P.
Publication type:
Article
The ENSO signal in atmospheric composition fields: emission driven vs. dynamically induced changes.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 2015, v. 15, n. 12, p. 13705, doi. 10.5194/acpd-15-13705-2015
By:
- Inness, A.;
- Benedetti, A.;
- Flemming, J.;
- Huijnen, V.;
- Kaiser, J. W.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Remy, S.
Publication type:
Article
The ENSO signal in atmospheric composition fields: emission driven vs. dynamically induced changes.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 2015, v. 15, n. 9, p. 13705, doi. 10.5194/acpd-15-13705-2015
By:
- Inness, A.;
- Benedetti, A.;
- Flemming, J.;
- Huijnen, V.;
- Kaiser, J. W.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Remy, S.
Publication type:
Article
Production of peroxy nitrates in boreal biomass burning plumes over Canada during the BORTAS campaign.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 2015, v. 15, n. 5, p. 6009, doi. 10.5194/acpd-15-6009-2015
By:
- Busilacchio, M.;
- Di Carlo, P.;
- Aruffo, E.;
- Biancofiore, F.;
- Salisburgo, C. D.;
- Giammaria, F.;
- Bauguitte, S.;
- Lee, J.;
- Moller, S.;
- Hopkins, J.;
- Punjabi, S.;
- Andrews, S.;
- Lewis, A. C.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Palmer, P. I.;
- Hyer, E.
Publication type:
Article
Data assimilation of satellite retrieved ozone, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide with ECMWF's Composition-IFS.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 2015, v. 15, n. 4, p. 4265, doi. 10.5194/acpd-15-4265-2015
By:
- Inness, A.;
- Blechschmidt, A.-M.;
- Bouarar, I.;
- Chabrillat, S.;
- Crepulja, M.;
- Engelen, R. J.;
- Eskes, H.;
- Flemming, J.;
- Gaudel, A.;
- Hendrick, F.;
- Huijnen, V.;
- Jones, L.;
- Kapsomenakis, J.;
- Katragkou, E.;
- Keppens, A.;
- Langerock, B.;
- de Mazière, M.;
- Melas, D.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Peuch, V. H.
Publication type:
Article
A comparison of four receptor models used to quantify the boreal wildfire smoke contribution to surface PM2.5 in Halifax, Nova Scotia during the BORTAS-B experiment.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 2014, v. 14, n. 17, p. 24043, doi. 10.5194/acpd-14-24043-2014
By:
- Gibson, M. D.;
- Haelssig, J.;
- Pierce, J. R.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Franklin, J. E.;
- Hopper, J. T.;
- Z. Li;
- Ward, T. J.
Publication type:
Article
Airborne observations of trace gases over boreal Canada during BORTAS: campaign climatology, airmass analysis and enhancement ratios.
Published in:
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 2013, v. 13, n. 5, p. 14069, doi. 10.5194/acpd-13-14069-2013
By:
- O'Shea, S. J.;
- Allen, G.;
- Gallagher, M. W.;
- Bauguitte, S. J.-B.;
- Illingworth, S. M.;
- Le Breton, M.;
- Muller, J. B. A.;
- Percival, C. J.;
- Archibald, A. T.;
- Oram, D. E.;
- Parrington, M.;
- Palmer, P. I.;
- Lewis, A. C.
Publication type:
Article
Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome arms 5q, IIp, IIq, I3q, and I6p in Human Testicular Germ Cell Tumors.
Published in:
Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer, 1995, v. 13, n. 4, p. 249, doi. 10.1002/gcc.2870130404
By:
- Al-Jehani, Rajai M. A.;
- Povey, Susan;
- Delhanty, Joy D. A.;
- Parrington, Jennifer M.
Publication type:
Article
ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION CHANGES DUE TO THE EXTREME 2015 INDONESIAN FIRE SEASON TRIGGERED BY EL NIÑO.
Published in:
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2016, p. S56
By:
- BENEDETTI, A.;
- DI GIUSEPPE, F.;
- FLEMMING, J.;
- INNESS, A.;
- PARRINGTON, M.;
- RÉMY, S.;
- ZIEMKE, J. R.
Publication type:
Article
The origin of isochromosomes.
Published in:
Clinical Genetics, 1988, v. 34, n. 3, p. 207, doi. 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1988.tb02866.x
By:
- Delhanty, Joy D. A.;
- Parrington, Jennifer M.
Publication type:
Article

Found: 34

The ENSO signal in atmospheric composition fields: emission-driven versus dynamically induced changes.

Data assimilation of satellite-retrieved ozone, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide with ECMWF's Composition-IFS.

A comparison of four receptor models used to quantify the boreal wildfire smoke contribution to surface PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Halifax, Nova Scotia during the BORTAS-B experiment.

Origin, variability and age of biomass burning plumes intercepted during BORTAS-B.

Size-dependent wet removal of black carbon in Canadian biomass burning plumes.

A case study of aerosol scavenging in a biomass burning plume over eastern Canada during the 2011 BORTAS field experiment.

Airborne observations of trace gases over boreal Canada during BORTAS: campaign climatology, air mass analysis and enhancement ratios.

Investigation of CO, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> and aerosols in a boreal fire plume over eastern Canada during BORTAS 2011 using ground- and satellite-based observations and model simulations.

"Airborne hydrogen cyanide measurements using a chemical ionisation mass spectrometer for the plume identification of biomass burning forest fires" published in Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9217-9232, 2013.

Ozone photochemistry in boreal biomass burning plumes.

The influence of biomass burning on the global distribution of selected non-methane organic compounds.

The influence of boreal biomass burning emissions on the distribution of tropospheric ozone over North America and the North Atlantic during 2010.

Impact of the assimilation of ozone from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer on surface ozone across North America.

Fire carbon emissions over maritime southeast Asia in 2015 largest since 1997.

Impacts of midlatitude precursor emissions and local photochemistry on ozone abundances in the Arctic.

The vertical distribution of ozone instantaneous radiative forcing from satellite and chemistry climate models.

Investigation of CO, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> and aerosols in a boreal fire plume over eastern Canada during BORTAS 2011 using ground- and satellite-based observations, and model simulations.

Quantifying the impact of BOReal forest fires on Tropospheric oxidants over the Atlantic using Aircraft and Satellites (BORTAS) experiment: design, execution and science overview.

Ozone photochemistry in boreal biomass burning plumes.

The influence of boreal forest fires on the global distribution of non-methane hydrocarbons.

The influence of boreal biomass burning emissions on the distribution of tropospheric ozone over North America and the North Atlantic during 2010.

Ozone data assimilation with GEOS-Chem: a comparison between 3-D-Var, 4-D-Var, and suboptimal Kalman filter approaches.

Estimating the summertime tropospheric ozone distribution over North America through assimilation of observations from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer.

The CAMS interim Reanalysis of Carbon Monoxide, Ozone and Aerosol for 2003-2015.

Carbon monoxide climatology derived from the trajectory mapping of global MOZAIC-IAGOS data.

The ENSO signal in atmospheric composition fields: emission driven vs. dynamically induced changes.

The ENSO signal in atmospheric composition fields: emission driven vs. dynamically induced changes.

Production of peroxy nitrates in boreal biomass burning plumes over Canada during the BORTAS campaign.

Data assimilation of satellite retrieved ozone, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide with ECMWF's Composition-IFS.

A comparison of four receptor models used to quantify the boreal wildfire smoke contribution to surface PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Halifax, Nova Scotia during the BORTAS-B experiment.

Airborne observations of trace gases over boreal Canada during BORTAS: campaign climatology, airmass analysis and enhancement ratios.

Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome arms 5q, IIp, IIq, I3q, and I6p in Human Testicular Germ Cell Tumors.

ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION CHANGES DUE TO THE EXTREME 2015 INDONESIAN FIRE SEASON TRIGGERED BY EL NIÑO.

The origin of isochromosomes.