MATERNAL PERCEPTIONS AND ADOLESCENT SELF-ESTEEM: A SIX-YEAR LONGITUDINAL STUDY.

Heinonen, Kati; Räikönnen, Katri; Keltikangas-Järvinen, Liisa

A six-year longitudinal study investigated the development of self-esteem in relation to mother's child-rearing attitudes, role satisfaction, and perceived temperament of the child. Participants were two age cohorts of girls and boys from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study, being 6 (n = 416) and 9 years old (n = 408) at the beginning of the study (baseline). Scores regarding mother's hostile child-rearing attitudes, mother's low role satisfaction, and maternal perceptions of child's difficult temperament (high activity, negative emotionality, and low cooperativeness) were obtained at baseline and three years later. Self-esteem was measured by self-reports six years later, at the ages of 12 and 15. The results indicated considerable gender differences. Among girls nearly all childhood variables individually predicted self-esteem, whereas among boys the associations were less evident. Additionally, perceived difficult temperament at baseline predicted hostile child-rearing attitudes at first follow-up, which further predicted low self-esteem among girls only.

CHILD rearing; SELF-esteem in children; SELF-esteem in adolescence; CHILD development; MOTHERHOOD

Adolescence, 2003, Vol 38, Issue 152, p669

0001-8449

Academic Journal