Title

Cosmetic applications of glucitol-core containing gallotannins from a proprietary phenolic-enriched red maple ( Acer rubrum) leaves extract: inhibition of melanogenesis via down-regulation of tyrosinase and melanogenic gene expression in B16F10 melanoma cells

Authors

Ma, Hang; Xu, Jialin; DaSilva, Nicholas; Wang, Ling; Wei, Zhengxi; Guo, Liangran; Johnson, Shelby; Lu, Wei; Xu, Jun; Gu, Qiong; Seeram, Navindra

Abstract

The red maple ( Acer rubrum) is a rich source of phenolic compounds which possess galloyl groups attached to different positions of a 1,5-anhydro- d-glucitol core. While these glucitol-core containing gallotannins (GCGs) have reported anti-oxidant and anti-glycative effects, they have not yet been evaluated for their cosmetic applications. Herein, the anti-tyrosinase and anti-melanogenic effects of a proprietary phenolic-enriched red maple leaves extract [Maplifa; contains ca. 45% ginnalin A (GA) along with other GCGs] were investigated using enzyme and cellular assays. The GCGs showed anti-tyrosinase activity with IC values ranging from 101.4 to 1047.3 μM and their mechanism of tyrosinase inhibition (using GA as a representative GCG) was evaluated by chelating and computational/modeling studies. GA reduced melanin content in murine melanoma B16F10 cells by 79.1 and 56.7% (at non-toxic concentrations of 25 and 50 μM, respectively), and its mechanisms of anti-melanogenic effects were evaluated by using methods including fluorescent probe (DCF-DA), real-time PCR, and western blot experiments. These data indicated that GA was able to: (1) reduce the levels of reactive oxygen species, (2) down-regulate the expression of MITF, TYR, TRP-1, and TRP-2 gene levels in a time-dependent manner, and (3) significantly reduce protein expression of the TRP-2 gene. Therefore, the anti-melanogenic effects of red maple GCGs warrant further investigation of this proprietary natural product extract for potential cosmetic applications.

Subjects

SORBITOL; GALLOTANNIN; PLANT extracts; PHENOL oxidase; GENE expression in plants

Publication

Archives of Dermatological Research, 2017, Vol 309, Issue 4, p265

ISSN

0340-3696

Publication type

Academic Journal

DOI

10.1007/s00403-017-1728-1