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- Title
Immunological modes of pregnancy loss.
- Authors
Kwak-Kim, Joanne; Park, Joon Cheol; Ahn, Hyun Kyong; Kim, Joon Woo; Gilman-Sachs, Alice
- Abstract
During the implantation period, a significant portion of embryos are lost and eventually less than half of clinically established pregnancies end as full-term pregnancies without obstetrical complications. A significant portion of these pregnancy losses is associated with immune etiologies, including autoimmune and cellular immune abnormalities. Although an autoimmune etiology such as anti-phospholipid antibodies (APAs) has been reported to induce placental infarct and thrombosis at maternal-fetal interface, APAs induce inflammatory immune responses as well. Inflammatory immune responses, such as increased proportions of NK cells and Th1/Th2 cell ratios in peripheral blood are related to recurrent pregnancy losses and multiple implantation failures. Systemic and local inflammatory immune responses seem to be induced by activation of Toll-like receptors with infectious agents, fetal cell debris, or gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, etc. Cellular activation of T and NK cells leads to pro-inflammatory cytokine storm and consequently, placental infarction and thrombosis. Potential application of anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents for the prevention of pregnancy losses should be explored further.
- Publication
American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989), 2010, Vol 63, Issue 6, p611
- ISSN
1600-0897
- Publication type
Journal Article
- DOI
10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00847.x