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- Title
Vitamin K intake and status are low in hemodialysis patients.
- Authors
Cranenburg, Ellen C M; Schurgers, Leon J; Uiterwijk, Herma H; Beulens, Joline W J; Dalmeijer, Gerdien W; Westerhuis, Ralf; Magdeleyns, Elke J; Herfs, Marjolein; Vermeer, Cees; Laverman, Gozewijn D
- Abstract
Vitamin K is essential for the activity of γ-carboxyglutamate (Gla)-proteins including matrix Gla28 protein and osteocalcin; an inhibitor of vascular calcification and a bone matrix protein, respectively. Insufficient vitamin K intake leads to the production of non-carboxylated, inactive proteins and this could contribute to the high risk of vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients. To help resolve this, we measured vitamin K(1) and K(2) intake (4-day food record), and the vitamin K status in 40 hemodialysis patients. The intake was low in these patients (median 140 μg/day), especially on days of dialysis and the weekend as compared to intakes reported in a reference population of healthy adults (mean K(1) and K(2) intake 200 μg/day and 31 μg/day, respectively). Non-carboxylated bone and coagulation proteins were found to be elevated in 33 hemodialysis patients, indicating subclinical hepatic vitamin K deficiency. Additionally, very high non-carboxylated matrix Gla28 protein levels, endemic to all patients, suggest vascular vitamin K deficiency. Thus, compared to healthy individuals, hemodialysis patients have a poor overall vitamin K status due to low intake. A randomized controlled trial is needed to test whether vitamin K supplementation reduces the risk of arterial calcification and mortality in hemodialysis patients.
- Publication
Kidney international, 2012, Vol 82, Issue 5, p605
- ISSN
1523-1755
- Publication type
Journal Article
- DOI
10.1038/ki.2012.191