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- Title
Mechanisms of pre-apoptotic calreticulin exposure in immunogenic cell death.
- Authors
Panaretakis, Theocharis; Kepp, Oliver; Brockmeier, Ulf; Tesniere, Antoine; Bjorklund, Ann-Charlotte; Chapman, Daniel C; Durchschlag, Michael; Joza, Nicholas; Pierron, Gérard; van Endert, Peter; Yuan, Junying; Zitvogel, Laurence; Madeo, Frank; Williams, David B; Kroemer, Guido
- Abstract
Dying tumour cells can elicit a potent anticancer immune response by exposing the calreticulin (CRT)/ERp57 complex on the cell surface before the cells manifest any signs of apoptosis. Here, we enumerate elements of the pathway that mediates pre-apoptotic CRT/ERp57 exposure in response to several immunogenic anticancer agents. Early activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-sessile kinase PERK leads to phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha, followed by partial activation of caspase-8 (but not caspase-3), caspase-8-mediated cleavage of the ER protein BAP31 and conformational activation of Bax and Bak. Finally, a pool of CRT that has transited the Golgi apparatus is secreted by SNARE-dependent exocytosis. Knock-in mutation of eIF2alpha (to make it non-phosphorylatable) or BAP31 (to render it uncleavable), depletion of PERK, caspase-8, BAP31, Bax, Bak or SNAREs abolished CRT/ERp57 exposure induced by anthracyclines, oxaliplatin and ultraviolet C light. Depletion of PERK, caspase-8 or SNAREs had no effect on cell death induced by anthracyclines, yet abolished the immunogenicity of cell death, which could be restored by absorbing recombinant CRT to the cell surface.
- Publication
The EMBO journal, 2009, Vol 28, Issue 5, p578
- ISSN
1460-2075
- Publication type
Journal Article
- DOI
10.1038/emboj.2009.1