Kaminski then moves to bureaucracy, contrasting its historical importance in Muslim societies and the Qur'an's encouragement to keep written records with its current sorry state in the Muslim world. Throughout most of the book, Kaminski shows how a specific topic or instrument of governance could be seen within an Islamic ontological and epistemological framework; that is less true of this chapter. Therefore, focusing mostly on the second element, Kaminksi attempts in this book to explicate how contemporary Muslim states can productively engage with "elements constitutive of the modern nation-state while remaining within Islam's ontological and epistemic frameworks.".