The concept of housing allowances and advocacy of using existing housing as shelter for the less affluent are not new. During the early debates on public housing, Herbert Nelson, speaking for the National Association of Real Estate Boards in the mid 1930s, vociferously championed what would today be identified as housing allowances. From 1936 to 1949, industry groups and others advocated rent certificates as a substitute for public housing, but their suggestions were not reflected in federal housing legislation. Congressional opposition to rent certificates was justified by some of the very arguments that have recently been cited in support of demand-oriented housing subsidies.