Improving timing resolution of BGO for TOF-PET: a comparative analysis with and without deep learning.

Loignon-Houle, Francis; Kratochwil, Nicolaus; Toussaint, Maxime; Lowis, Carsten; Ariño-Estrada, Gerard; Gonzalez, Antonio J.; Auffray, Etiennette; Lecomte, Roger

Background: The renewed interest in BGO scintillators for TOF-PET is driven by the improved Cherenkov photon detection with new blue-sensitive SiPMs. However, the slower scintillation light from BGO causes significant time walk with leading edge discrimination (LED), which degrades the coincidence time resolution (CTR). To address this, a time walk correction (TWC) can be done by using the rise time measured with a second threshold. Deep learning, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), can also enhance CTR by training with digitized waveforms. It remains to be explored how timing estimation methods utilizing one (LED), two (TWC), or multiple (CNN) waveform data points compare in CTR performance of BGO scintillators. Results: In this work, we compare classical experimental timing estimation methods (LED, TWC) with a CNN-based method using the signals from BGO crystals read out by NUV-HD-MT SiPMs and high-frequency electronics. For 2 × 2 × 3 mm 3 crystals, implementing TWC results in a CTR of 129 ± 2 ps FWHM, while employing the CNN yields 115 ± 2 ps FWHM, marking improvements of 18 % and 26 %, respectively, relative to the standard LED estimator. For 2 × 2 × 20 mm 3 crystals, both methods yield similar CTR (around 240 ps FWHM), offering a ∼ 15 % gain over LED. The CNN, however, exhibits better tail suppression in the coincidence time distribution. Conclusions: The higher complexity of waveform digitization needed for CNNs could potentially be mitigated by adopting a simpler two-threshold approach, which appears to currently capture most of the essential information for improving CTR in longer BGO crystals. Other innovative deep learning models and training strategies may nonetheless contribute further in a near future to harnessing increasingly discernible timing features in TOF-PET detector signals.

CONVOLUTIONAL neural networks; SCINTILLATORS; TIME management; COINCIDENCE; DEEP learning; DIGITIZATION

EJNMMI Physics, 2025, Vol 12, Issue 1, p1

2197-7364

Academic Journal

10.1186/s40658-024-00711-6