If the user charges have to be below the cost of provision of these services, the government should provide explicit subsidies. Keywords: National Infrastructure; Pipeline; India; Indian Infrastructure; User Charges; Financing Infrastructure EN National Infrastructure Pipeline India Indian Infrastructure User Charges Financing Infrastructure 199 204 6 10/04/22 20220901 NES 220901 Infrastructure is necessary for broad-based growth and development, as also for achieving and maintaining the delivery of public goods (water supply, rural roads, primary education and healthcare, etc.) and social well-being. These political and regulatory risks would be reflected in a higher risk premium charged by the investors, thereby increasing costs and decreasing the cost competitiveness of the Indian economy.