Mosquitoes pose a significant threat to global health, impacting over 40% of the world's population. Currently, a dearth of large-scale and long-term data on mosquito populations in China hinders related research and public health endeavors. In response, we meticulously compiled and analyzed existing studies to construct a comprehensive dataset illustrating the spatial variation of mosquito populations, density, and composition across mainland China. This dataset furnishes invaluable information to support further research on mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases on broader spatial and temporal scales. The primary aim of this research is to contribute to efforts aimed at controlling mosquito transmission and mosquito-borne diseases, ultimately enhancing human well-being.