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- Title
The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in apple fruit: a global systematic review, meta-analysis, and health risk assessment.
- Authors
Naimi, Nayera; Pilevar, Zahra; Ranaei, Vahid; Mahmudiono, Trias; Fakhri, Yadolah; Paseban, Ali; Atamaleki, Ali; Janghorban, Firoozeh; Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin
- Abstract
The presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in crops can directly/indirectly affect consumers' health. The contamination of apple as one of the most consumed fruits with PTEs such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), and nickel (Ni) leads to carcinogenic risk (CR) and non-carcinogenic risk (n-CR). In this regard, a systematic review, meta-analysis, and health risk assessment regarding the concentration of the PTEs in apples was conducted using international databases such as Scopus and PubMed. According to the results, the rank order of PTEs in apple fruits was Pb (427.45 µg/kg-wet weight) > Ni (228.74 µg/kg-wet weight) > Cr (212.43 µg/kg-wet weight) > As (123.93 µg/kg-wet weight) > Cd (15.28 µg/kg-wet weight). n-CR was higher than 1 for the USA, Serbia for adults, and Poland for children. CR for adults in Serbia, Spain, Greece, China, Bangladesh, and Pakistan and children in Serbia, Spain, Greece, China, and Bangladesh were not acceptable (CR > 1.00E − 06 value). In this regard, the pooled PTEs of apples can cause CR and n-CR issues. Therefore, constant monitoring and reduction of pesticide application are strongly recommended for controlling PTEs in apple fruits.
- Subjects
SERBIA; BANGLADESH; GREECE; HEALTH risk assessment; POISONS; FRUIT; ARSENIC poisoning
- Publication
Environmental Science & Pollution Research, 2022, Vol 29, Issue 36, p54013
- ISSN
0944-1344
- Publication type
Review
- DOI
10.1007/s11356-022-21158-1