Molecular Suppression of the Pimerization of Viologens (=4,4′-Bipyridinium Derivatives) Attached to Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide Thin-Film Electrodes.

Felderhoff, Michael; Heinen, Susanne; Molisho, Ngongo; Webersinn, Simona; Walder, Lorenz

Twelve viologens, i.e., 4,4′-bipyridinium derivatives 1 - 12, were examined for their use as electrochromic material when attached to nanocrystalline titanium dioxide thin-film electrodes. Eight of these ( 1 - 4, 7 - 8, 10, and 12) are new, and their synthesis is included. The modifier compounds consist of one to four bipyridinium subunits with linear or dendritic architecture, equipped with one to three TiO2-anchoring phosphonate groups. They are tailored for high electrochromic dynamics (large absorbance change upon reduction) and low extent of pimerization (=charge-transfer (CT) complexation of viologen cation radicals). A new graphical method is presented for the discrimination of simple dilution phenomena and more complex structural effects on the extent of pimerization in the surface-attached viologen layer.

Helvetica Chimica Acta, 2000, Vol 83, Issue 1, p181

0018-019X

Academic Journal

10.1002/(SICI)1522-2675(20000119)83:1<181::AID-HLCA181>3.0.CO;2-U