Reports on emerging clinical applications for physiological imaging tools. Application in the study of cerebral ischemia and cognitive neuroscience; Physiological imaging techniques contrasted with earlier techniques; Acute ischemic stroke; Hemodynamic evaluation of patients with atherosclerotic carotid artery occlusion; Presurgical brain mapping; Conclusion that important dynamic, physiological processes within the confines of the skull can be identified using a variety of imaging tools.