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- Title
Evaluation of toxicity potential of cobalt in wheat irrigated with wastewater: health risk implications for public.
- Authors
Chen, Fu; Khan, Zafar Iqbal; Zafar, Asma; Ma, Jing; Nadeem, Muhammad; Ahmad, Kafeel; Mahpara, Shehzadi; Wajid, Kinza; Bashir, Humayun; Munir, Mudasra; Malik, Ifra Saleem; Ashfaq, Asma; Ugulu, Ilker; Dogan, Yunus; Yang, Yongjun
- Abstract
The use of wastewater in irrigation weakens the beneficial properties of the soil and leads to a threat to food safety standards. The present research was designed to explore the cobalt toxicity associated with the ingestion of wastewater irrigated wheat. Wheat plants of five different varieties were collected from 7 different sites of Punjab, Pakistan, which were irrigated with three different sources of water. The sampling was done in two cropping years. The cobalt values in water, soil and wheat samples (root, shoot, grain) ranged from 0.46 to 1.24 mg/l, 0.15 to 1.20, 0.29 to 1.30, 0.08 to 0.76 and 0.12 to 0.57 mg/kg, respectively. All the water samples showed high cobalt concentration than the maximum permissible value. However, all the soil and wheat plant samples were found within the maximum allowable range. The high cobalt concentration in irrigating water showed that the continuous usage of such type of water may lead to cobalt toxicity in living organisms with the passage of time and may results in severe health risks.
- Subjects
PAKISTAN; PUNJAB; COBALT; SEWAGE; WHEAT; FOOD safety; SAFETY standards
- Publication
Environmental Science & Pollution Research, 2021, Vol 28, Issue 17, p21119
- ISSN
0944-1344
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s11356-020-11815-8