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- Title
Assessing phylogeny and historical biogeography of the largest genus of lichen-forming fungi, <italic>Xanthoparmelia</italic> (<italic>Parmeliaceae</italic>, Ascomycota).
- Authors
LEAVITT, Steven D.; KIRIKA, Paul M.; AMO DE PAZ, Guillermo; HUANG, Jen-Pan; HUR, Jae-Seoun; ELIX, John A.; GREWE, Felix; DIVAKAR, Pradeep K.; LUMBSCH, H. Thorsten
- Abstract
Species richness is not evenly distributed across the tree of life and a limited number of lineages comprise an extraordinarily large number of species. In lichen-forming fungi, only two genera are known to be ‘ultradiverse’ (>500 species), with the most diverse genus, <italic>Xanthoparmelia</italic>, consisting of <italic>c</italic>. 820 spe<italic>c</italic>ies. While Australia and South Africa are known as current centres of diversity for <italic>Xanthoparmelia</italic>, it is not well known when and where this massive diversity arose. To better understand the geographical and temporal context of diversification in this diverse genus, we sampled 191 <italic>Xanthoparmelia</italic> specimens representing <italic>c</italic>. 124 species/species-level lineages from populations worldwide. From these specimens, we generated a multi-locus sequence data set using Sanger and high-throughput sequencing to reconstruct evolutionary relationships in <italic>Xanthoparmelia</italic>, estimate divergence times and reconstruct biogeographical histories in a maximum likelihood and Bayesian framework. This study corroborated the phylogenetic placement of several morphologically or chemically diverse taxa within <italic>Xanthoparmelia</italic>, such as <italic>Almbornia</italic>, <italic>Chondropsis</italic>, <italic>Karoowia</italic>, <italic>Namakwa</italic>, <italic>Neofuscelia</italic>, <italic>Omphalodiella</italic>, <italic>Paraparmelia</italic>, <italic>Placoparmelia</italic> and <italic>Xanthomaculina</italic>, in addition to improved phylogenetic resolution and reconstruction of previously unsampled lineages within <italic>Xanthoparmelia</italic>. Our data indicate that <italic>Xanthoparmelia</italic> most likely originated in Africa during the early Miocene, coinciding with global aridification and development of open habitats. Reconstructed biogeographical histories of <italic>Xanthoparmelia</italic> reveal diversification restricted to continents with infrequent intercontinental exchange by long-distance dispersal. While likely mechanisms by which <italic>Xanthoparmelia</italic> obtained strikingly high levels of species richness in Australia and South Africa remain uncertain, this study provides a framework for ongoing research into diverse lineages of lichen-forming fungi. Finally, our study highlights a novel approach for generating locus-specific molecular sequence data sets from high throughput metagenomic reads.
- Subjects
LICHEN-forming fungi; FUNGAL phylogeny; XANTHOPARMELIA; PHYTOGEOGRAPHY; SPECIES diversity
- Publication
Lichenologist, 2018, Vol 50, Issue 3, p299
- ISSN
0024-2829
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1017/S0024282918000233