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- Title
Primary Ciliogenesis by 2-Isopropylmalic Acid Prevents PM2.5-Induced Inflammatory Response and MMP-1 Activation in Human Dermal Fibroblasts and a 3-D-Skin Model.
- Authors
Bae, Ji-Eun; Min, Daejin; Choi, Ji Yeon; Choi, Hyunjung; Kim, Joon Bum; Park, Na Yeon; Jo, Doo Sin; Kim, Yong Hwan; Na, Hye-Won; Kim, Yoon Jae; Kim, Eun Sung; Kim, Hyoung-June; Cho, Dong-Hyung
- Abstract
Particulate matters (PMs) increase oxidative stress and inflammatory response in different tissues. PMs disrupt the formation of primary cilia in various skin cells, including keratinocytes and melanocytes. In this study, we found that 2-isopropylmalic acid (2-IPMA) promoted primary ciliogenesis and restored the PM2.5-induced dysgenesis of primary cilia in dermal fibroblasts. Moreover, 2-IPMA inhibited the generation of excessive reactive oxygen species and the activation of stress kinase in PM2.5-treated dermal fibroblasts. Further, 2-IPMA inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-α, which were upregulated by PM2.5. However, the inhibition of primary ciliogenesis by IFT88 depletion reversed the downregulated cytokines by 2-IPMA. Moreover, we found that PM2.5 treatment increased the MMP-1 expression in dermal fibroblasts and a human 3-D-skin model. The reduced MMP-1 expression by 2-IPMA was further reversed by IFT88 depletion in PM2.5-treated dermal fibroblasts. These findings suggest that 2-IPMA ameliorates PM2.5-induced inflammation by promoting primary ciliogenesis in dermal fibroblasts.
- Subjects
FIBROBLASTS; INFLAMMATION; REACTIVE oxygen species; MATRIX metalloproteinases; PARTICULATE matter
- Publication
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021, Vol 22, Issue 20, p10941
- ISSN
1661-6596
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/ijms222010941