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- Title
Anopheles sundaicus complex and the presence of Anopheles epiroticus in Indonesia.
- Authors
Syafruddin, Din; Lestari, Yulia E.; Permana, Dendi H.; Asih, Puji B. S.; St. Laurent, Brandyce; Zubaidah, Siti; Rozi, Ismail E.; Kosasih, Sully; Shinta; Sukowati, Supratman; Hakim, Lukman; Haryanto, Edhi; Mangunwardoyo, Wibowo; Bangs, Michael J.; Lobo, Neil F.
- Abstract
Anopheles sundaicus s.l. is an important malaria vector primarily found in coastal landscapes of western and central Indonesia. The species complex has a wide geographical distribution in South and Southeast Asia and exhibits ecological and behavioural variability over its range. Studies on understanding the distribution of different members in the complex and their bionomics related to malaria transmission might be important guiding more effective vector intervention strategies. Female An. sundaicus s.l. were collected from seven provinces, 12 locations in Indonesia representing Sumatra: North Sumatra, Bangka-Belitung, South Lampung, and Bengkulu; in Java: West Java; and the Lesser Sunda Islands: West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara provinces. Sequencing of ribosomal DNA ITS2 gene fragments and two mitochondrial DNA gene markers, COI and cytb, enabled molecular identification of morphologically indistinguishable members of the complex. Findings allowed inference on the distribution of the An. sundaicus s.l. present in Indonesia and further illustrate the phylogenetic relationships of An. epiroticus within the complex. A total of 370 An. sundaicus s.l specimens were analysed for the ITS2 fragment. The ITS2 sequence alignment revealed two consistent species-specific point mutations, a T>C transition at base 479 and a G>T transversion at base 538 that differentiated five haplotypes: TG, CG, TT, CT, and TY. The TG haplotype matched published An. epiroticus–indicative sequences from Thailand, Vietnam and peninsular Malaysia. The previously described insertion event (base 603) was observed in all identified specimens. Analysis of the COI and cytb genes revealed no consistent nucleotide variations that could definitively distinguish An. epiroticus from other members in the Sundaicus Complex. The findings indicate and support the existence of An. epiroticus in North Sumatra and Bangka-Belitung archipelago. Further studies are recommended to determine the full distributional extent of the Sundaicus complex in Indonesia and investigate the role of these species in malaria transmission. Author summary: In Indonesia, more than 80 species of Anopheles have been documented, of which approximately 24 species are regarded as malaria vectors. Many of these mosquitoes are members of species complexes, being morphologically indistinguishable from other member sibling species. The Anopheles sundaicus complex (s.l.) has a wide geographical distribution in South and Southeast Asia, and exhibits ecological and behavioural variability over its range. Anopheles sundaicus s.l. is an important malaria vector present primarily in coastal areas of western and central Indonesia. Cytologic, isozyme, and molecular methods have been used to distinguish members of the complex in Indonesia, with several species being reported in different localities. This study aims to explore the distribution of the An. sundaicus complex in Indonesia using molecular methods. Female Anopheles sundaicus s.l. were collected from 12 localities within seven provinces in western to south-central Indonesia. The findings indicate the presence of An. epiroticus in North Sumatra and Bangka-Belitung archipelago off the eastern coast of central Sumatra. Further studies are required to determine the full distributional extent of the An. sundaicus complex in Indonesia and investigate the role of each species in malaria transmission.
- Subjects
INDONESIA; ANOPHELES; RIBOSOMAL DNA; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; GENETIC markers; ECOLOGY
- Publication
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2020, Vol 14, Issue 7, p1
- ISSN
1935-2727
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1371/journal.pntd.0008385