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- Title
Electrocatalytic conversion of nitrate waste into ammonia: a review.
- Authors
Theerthagiri, Jayaraman; Park, Juhyeon; Das, Himadri Tanaya; Rahamathulla, Nihila; Cardoso, Eduardo S. F.; Murthy, Arun Prasad; Maia, Gilberto; Vo, Dai‑Viet N.; Choi, Myong Yong
- Abstract
The electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate waste into ammonia allows both the removal of nitrate contaminants and an alternative production of ammonia compared to the classical Haber–Bosch industrial process. Ammonia is useful in agriculture for manufacturing fertilizers, and as a reagent in pharmaceuticals, metallurgy, explosives, and the textile industry; ammonia is also an energy carrier in the automobile industry for next-generation fuel cells. Here we review the nitrate-to-ammonia conversion by electrocatalysis of industrial and agricultural waste, with focus on catalysts, reaction intermediates, side reactions, and reaction conditions. Electron transfer is facilitated by electrocatalysts with transition metals having occupied d-orbitals with similar energy levels to that of the nitrate lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. Green electro-conversion using carbon-based materials is also discussed. Results show nitrate conversion from 53 to 99.8% and ammonia selectivity from 70 to 97.4%.
- Subjects
FRONTIER orbitals; DENITRIFICATION; HABER-Bosch process; WASTE minimization; AGRICULTURAL wastes; FUEL cell industry; AMMONIA
- Publication
Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2022, Vol 20, Issue 5, p2929
- ISSN
1610-3653
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s10311-022-01469-y