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- Title
Phototransformation of Amlodipine in Aqueous Solution: Toxicity of the Drug and Its Photoproduct on Aquatic Organisms.
- Authors
Della Greca, Marina; Iesce, Maria Rosaria; Isidori, Marina; Montanaro, Sara; Previtera, Lucio; Rubino, Maria
- Abstract
The phototransformation of amlodipine in water was investigated under various conditions. A quantum yield ΦS 2.2 × 10-4 and a half-life time t1/2 0.419 days were calculated when the drug in water (10-4 M) was exposed to sunlight. The only photoproduct found was its pyridine derivative. Formation of this product was explained on the basis of a radical cation intermediate. The acute and chronic toxicity of the drug and its photoproduct were evaluated on different organisms of the freshwater chain (Brachionus calyciflorus, Thamnocephalus platyurus, Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia dubia). The photoproduct exhibited a stronger toxic potential than the parent drug on the long time for C. dubia.
- Subjects
PHOTODEGRADATION; AMLODIPINE; DRUG toxicity; AQUATIC organisms; PYRIDINE; WATER
- Publication
International Journal of Photoenergy, 2007, p1
- ISSN
1110-662X
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1155/2007/63459