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- Title
Ophthalmic Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: A Review.
- Authors
Majeed, Ayesha; Marwick, Ben; Yu, Haoqing; Fadavi, Hassan; Tavakoli, Mitra
- Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by neuronal loss, extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, and intracellular neurofibrillary tau tangles. A diagnosis is currently made from the presenting symptoms, and the only definitive diagnosis can be done post-mortem. Over recent years, significant advances have been made in using ocular biomarkers to diagnose various neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. As the eye is an extension of the central nervous system (CNS), reviewing changes in the eye's biology could lead to developing a series of non-invasive, differential diagnostic tests for AD that could be further applied to other diseases. Significant changes have been identified in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), cornea, ocular vasculature, and retina. In the present paper, we review current research and assess some ocular biomarkers' accuracy and reliability that could potentially be used for diagnostic purposes. Additionally, we review the various imaging techniques used in the measurement of these biomarkers.
- Subjects
ALZHEIMER'S disease; DISEASE progression; CENTRAL nervous system; NEUROFIBRILLARY tangles; DIAGNOSIS; CEREBRAL amyloid angiopathy
- Publication
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 2021, Vol 13, p1
- ISSN
1663-4365
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3389/fnagi.2021.720167