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- Title
Wild Bitter Melon Extract Regulates LPS-Induced Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation, Inflammation, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Ferroptosis.
- Authors
Ho, Chang-Hsun; Huang, Jen-Hsuan; Sun, Maw-Sheng; Tzeng, I-Shiang; Hsu, Yi-Chiung; Kuo, Chan-Yen
- Abstract
The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a key component of liver fibrosis. Two antifibrosis pathways have been identified, the reversion to quiescent-type HSCs and the clearance of HSCs through apoptosis. Lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced HSCs activation and proliferation have been associated with the development of liver fibrosis. We determined the pharmacological effects of wild bitter melon (WM) on HSC activation following LPS treatment and investigated whether WM treatment affected cell death pathways under LPS-treated conditions, including ferroptosis. WM treatment caused cell death, both with and without LPS treatment. WM treatment caused reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation without LPS treatment and reversed the decrease in lipid ROS production in HSCs after LPS treatment. We examined the effects of WM treatment on fibrosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and ferroptosis in LPS-activated HSCs. The western blotting analysis revealed that the WM treatment of LPS-activated HSCs induced the downregulation of the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), integrin-β1, phospho-JNK (p-JNK), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and cystine/glutamate transporter (SLC7A11) and the upregulation of CCAAT enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP). These results support WM as an antifibrotic agent that may represent a potential therapeutic solution for the management of liver fibrosis.
- Subjects
LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; GLUTATHIONE; STATISTICS; CONNECTIVE tissue growth factor; SMOOTH muscle; ANALYSIS of variance; ENDOPLASMIC reticulum; INFLAMMATION; WESTERN immunoblotting; CIRRHOSIS of the liver; MELONS; FIBROSIS; JANUS kinases; CELL proliferation; DESCRIPTIVE statistics; PLANT extracts; CELL lines; REACTIVE oxygen species; DATA analysis; CELL death; CARRIER proteins
- Publication
Evidence-based Complementary & Alternative Medicine (eCAM), 2021, p1
- ISSN
1741-427X
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1155/2021/6671129