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- Title
Macrophages Polarization and Tumor Immunity in Metastatic Cancer: A Review.
- Authors
Bazlini Baharun, Bibi Nur; Safuan, Sabreena
- Abstract
Objective: Tumour microenvironment plays an important role in the progression of cancer. This review focussed on current understanding on M1-M2 macrophage polarisation and the possible therapeutic intervention against metastatic cancer. Discussion: Macrophages exhibit a variety of responses according to varying stimuli, and express different functions depending upon the microenvironment surrounding them. Macrophages can be activated by a variety of stimuli and polarized to functionally different phenotypes. Two distinct subsets of macrophages have been proposed; classically activated (M1) macrophages and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. M1 macrophages express a series of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and effector molecules, such as IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, TNF-α, iNOS and MHCI/II. In contrast, M2 macrophages express a wide array of anti-inflammatory molecules, such as IL-10, TGF-β, and arginase1. Tumour associated macrophages (TAM) of M2 type secrete many cytokines, chemokines, and proteases, which promote tumor angiogenesis, growth, metastasis, and immunosuppression. M2 macrophages are responsible to drive cancer cells to blood and lymphatic circulation, thus worsen cancer prognosis. Conclusion: The polarization of macrophages towards an M1 response with minimal side effects may prove to be a powerful therapy against solid tumors. Thus, the development of effective strategies to tip the balance from M2 to M1 macrophages should be considered.
- Subjects
DISEASE progression; METASTASIS; MACROPHAGES; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; IMMUNITY
- Publication
International Medical Journal, 2021, Vol 28, Issue 2, p184
- ISSN
1341-2051
- Publication type
Article