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- Title
Primary emissions versus secondary formation of fine particulate matter in the top polluted city, Shijiazhuang, in North China.
- Authors
Ru-Jin Huang; Yichen Wang; Junji Cao; Chunshui Lin; Jing Duan; Qi Chen; Yongjie Li; Yifang Gu; Jin Yan; Wei Xu; Fröhlich, Roman; Canonaco, Francesco; Bozzetti, Carlo; Ovadnevaite, Jurgita; Ceburnis, Darius; Canagaratna, Manjula R.; Jayne, John; Worsnop, Douglas R.; El-Haddad, Imad; Prévôt, André S. H.
- Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) pollution is a severe environmental problem in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region in North China. PM studies have been conducted extensively in Beijing, but the chemical composition, sources, and atmospheric processes of PM are still relatively less known in the nearby Tianjin and Hebei. In this study, fine PM in urban Shijiazhuang (the capital of Hebei province) was characterized using an Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol chemical speciation monitor (Q-ACSM) from 11 January to 18 February in 2014. The average mass concentration of non-refractory submicron PM (diameter <1μm, NR-PM1) was 178±101µgm−3 and composed of 50% organic aerosol (OA), 21% sulfate, 12% nitrate, 11% ammonium, and 6% chloride. Using the Multilinear Engine (ME-2) receptor model, five OA sources were identified and quantified, including hydrocarbon-like OA from vehicle emissions (HOA, 13%), cooking OA (COA, 16%), biomass burning OA (BBOA, 17%), coal combustion OA (CCOA, 27%), and oxygenated OA (OOA, 27%). We found that secondary formation contributed substantially to PM in episodic events, while primary emissions were dominant (most significant) on average. The episodic events with the highest NR-PM1 mass range of 300–360μgm−3 showed 55% of secondary species. On the contrary, a campaign-average low OOA fraction (27%) in OA indicated the importance of primary emissions, and a low sulfur oxidation degree (FSO4) of 0.18 even at RH>90% hinted on insufficient oxidation. These results suggested that in wintertime Shijiazhuang fine PM was mostly from primary emissions without sufficient atmospheric aging, indicating opportunities for air quality improvement by mitigating direct emissions. In addition, secondary inorganic and organic (OOA) species dominated in pollution events with high RH conditions, most likely due to enhanced aqueous-phase chemistry, while primary organic aerosol (POA) dominated in pollution events with low RH and stagnant conditions. These results also highlighted the importance of meteorological conditions for PM pollution in this highly polluted city in North China.
- Subjects
SHIJIAZHUANG (Hebei Sheng, China); EMISSIONS (Air pollution); PARTICULATE matter; AQUEOUS solutions; ATMOSPHERIC chemistry
- Publication
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 2018, p1
- ISSN
1680-7367
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.5194/acp-2018-760