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- Title
Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction of Ptaquiloside in Bracken Fern.
- Authors
Kim, Min Kook; Kang, Ji Soo; Kundu, Amit; Kim, Hyung Sik; Lee, Byung-Mu
- Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the optimal boiling time to reduce ptaquiloside (PTA) and to carry out a risk assessment for PTA, a representative toxic substance found in bracken fern (BF; Pteridium aquilinum), which is frequently consumed as food in East Asian countries. High-performance liquid chromatography showed that the concentration of PTA in BF was reduced by up to 99% after boiling for 20 min. Risk assessment results showed that the cancer margin of exposure (MOE; ≥ 25,000 = safe) to PTA for an average daily exposure scenario after boiling BF for 20 min was considered safe. In addition, the non-cancer MOE (≥ 300 = safe) to PTA under an average daily exposure scenario after BF boiling for 20 min was considered safe. However, human exposure to PTA was considered unsafe under the non-boiled BF exposure and maximum daily exposure scenarios. Therefore, boiling BF for at least 20 min is recommended before consumption, to reduce exposure to PTA as much as possible.
- Subjects
RISK assessment; POISONS; HIGH performance liquid chromatography; FERNS; TETRAFLUOROBORATES
- Publication
Toxics, 2023, Vol 11, Issue 2, p115
- ISSN
2305-6304
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/toxics11020115