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- Title
<italic>Streptomyces</italic> AcH 505 triggers production of a salicylic acid analogue in the fungal pathogen <italic>Heterobasidion abietinum</italic> that enhances infection of Norway spruce seedlings.
- Authors
Keilhofer, Nadine; Nachtigall, Jonny; Kulik, Andreas; Ecke, Margret; Hampp, Rüdiger; Süssmuth, Roderich D.; Fiedler, Hans-Peter; Schrey, Silvia D.
- Abstract
The necrotrophic fungus <italic>Heterobasidion</italic> spp. is the causal agent of ‘annosum root rot’ of Norway spruce. In the presence of the rhizosphere bacterium <italic>Streptomyces</italic> AcH 505, enhanced colonization of Norway spruce roots with <italic>Heterobasidion abietinum</italic> 331 has previously been observed. By analyzing dual cultures of <italic>H. abietinum</italic> 331 and <italic>Streptomyces</italic> AcH 505 with HPLC, a fungal metabolite was identified that was increased in the presence of <italic>Streptomyces</italic> AcH 505. Likewise, challenge of <italic>H. abietum</italic> 331 with common antifungals produced by soil streptomycetes rendered the same effect. The structure of the compound, 5-formylsalicylic acid (5-FSA), was elucidated by HPLC-HR-ESI-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Based on in vivo measurements of maximum photosystem II efficiency of Norway spruce seedlings, 5-FSA did not influence plant vitality. However, when challenged with <italic>H. abietinum</italic> 331, ergosterol amounts in infected roots increased significantly for 5-FSA pre-treated seedlings. The severity of the infection was comparable to that observed in the presence of <italic>Streptomyces</italic> AcH 505. 5-FSA is a structural analogue of salicylic acid, an important signalling molecule active in plant defence. Thus, the expression of two defence-response related marker genes (<italic>PR1</italic>, <italic>Hel</italic>) was analysed in 5-FSA treated <italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</italic> seedlings by Northern blot analysis. The transcription of both marker genes was altered, indicating that 5-FSA is perceived by <italic>Arabidopsis</italic> in a similar manner to salicylic acid and is able to interfere with <italic>Arabidopsis</italic> defence signalling. The role of 5-FSA as a potential virulence factor of <italic>H. abietinum</italic> 331 in the presence of <italic>Streptomyces</italic> AcH 505 is discussed.
- Subjects
STREPTOMYCES; NORWAY spruce; SALICYLIC acid; STREPTOMYCETACEAE; SPRUCE
- Publication
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2018, Vol 111, Issue 5, p691
- ISSN
0003-6072
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s10482-018-1017-9