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- Title
Early childhood growth failure and the developmental origins of adult disease: do enteric infections and malnutrition increase risk for the metabolic syndrome?
- Authors
Deboer, Mark D; Lima, Aldo Am; Oría, Reinaldo B; Scharf, Rebecca J; Moore, Sean R; Luna, Max A; Guerrant, Richard L
- Abstract
Hypotheses regarding the developmental origins of health and disease postulate that developing fetuses - and potentially young children - undergo adaptive epigenetic changes that have longstanding effects on metabolism and other processes. Ongoing research explores whether these adaptations occur during early life following early childhood malnutrition. In the developing world, there remains a high degree of nutritional stunting, defined as linear growth failure caused by inadequate caloric intake, which may be exacerbated by inflammation from ongoing infections. In areas with poor sanitation, children experience vicious cycles of enteric infections and malnutrition, resulting in poor nutrient absorption as a result of changes in the intestinal mucosa, now termed 'environmental enteropathy.' Emerging evidence links early childhood diarrhea and/or growth failure with an increased occurrence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in later life, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, and glucose intolerance. The mechanisms for these associations remain poorly understood and may relate to epigenetic responses to poor nutrition, increased inflammation, or both. Given the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in developing areas of the world, associations between childhood malnutrition, early-life infections, and the increased occurrence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease underscore further reasons to improve nutrition and infection-related outcomes for young children worldwide.
- Subjects
MALNUTRITION; BIRTH weight; CARDIOVASCULAR diseases risk factors; CHILDREN'S health; CHILD nutrition; DEVELOPING countries; DIARRHEA; DISEASES; GENETICS; GROWTH disorders; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; INFLAMMATION; TYPE 2 diabetes; NUTRITION disorders in children; OBESITY; WATER supply; METABOLIC syndrome; BODY mass index; GLUCOSE intolerance; NUTRITIONAL status
- Publication
Nutrition Reviews, 2012, Vol 70, Issue 11, p642
- ISSN
0029-6643
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00543.x