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- Title
Morphological and Proteomic Analyses Reveal that Unsaturated Guluronate Oligosaccharide Modulates Multiple Functional Pathways in Murine Macrophage RAW264.7 Cells.
- Authors
Xu Xu; De-Cheng Bi; Chao Li; Wei-Shan Fang; Rui Zhou; Shui-Ming Li; Lian-Li Chi; Min Wan; Li-Ming Shen
- Abstract
Alginate is a natural polysaccharide extracted from various species of marine brown algae. Alginate-derived guluronate oligosaccharide (GOS) obtained by enzymatic depolymerization has various pharmacological functions. Previous studies have demonstrated that GOS can trigger the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a by macrophages and that it is involved in the nuclear factor (NF)-&#954B and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways. To expand upon the current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms associated with the GOS-induced immune response in macrophages, comparative proteomic analysis was employed together with two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS) and Western blot verification. Proteins showing significant differences in expression in GOS-treated cells were categorized into multiple functional pathways, including the NF-κB signaling pathway and pathways involved in inflammation, antioxidant activity, glycolysis, cytoskeletal processes and translational elongation. Moreover, GOS-stimulated changes in the morphologies and actin cytoskeleton organization of RAW264.7 cells were also investigated as possible adaptations to GOS. This study is the first to reveal GOS as a promising agent that can modulate the proper balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses, and it provides new insights into pharmaceutical applications of polysaccharides.
- Subjects
ALGINATE derivatives; OLIGOSACCHARIDES; MACROPHAGES; PROTEIN expression; MATRIX-assisted laser desorption-ionization; TIME-of-flight mass spectrometry; NITRIC-oxide synthases; LABORATORY mice; SPECTRUM analysis
- Publication
Marine Drugs, 2015, Vol 13, Issue 4, p1798
- ISSN
1660-3397
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/md13041798