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- Title
YY-1224, a terpene trilactone-strengthened Ginkgo biloba, attenuates neurodegenerative changes induced by β-amyloid (1-42) or double transgenic overexpression of APP and PS1 via inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2.
- Authors
Zheng-Yi Li; Yoon Hee Chung; Eun-Joo Shin; Duy-Khanh Dang; Ji Hoon Jeong; Sung Kwon Ko; Seung-Yeol Nah; Tae Gon Baik; Jin Hyeong Jhoo; Wei-Yi Ong; Toshitaka Nabeshima; Hyoung-Chun Kim; Li, Zheng-Yi; Chung, Yoon Hee; Shin, Eun-Joo; Dang, Duy-Khanh; Jeong, Ji Hoon; Ko, Sung Kwon; Nah, Seung-Yeol; Baik, Tae Gon
- Abstract
<bold>Background: </bold>Ginkgo biloba has been reported to possess free radical-scavenging antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory properties. In our pilot study, YY-1224, a terpene trilactone-strengthened extract of G. biloba, showed anti-inflammatory, neurotrophic, and antioxidant effects.<bold>Results: </bold>We investigated the pharmacological potential of YY-1224 in β-amyloid (Aβ) (1-42)-induced memory impairment using cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) knockout (-/-) and APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic (APP/PS1 Tg) mice. Repeated treatment with YY-1224 significantly attenuated Aβ (1-42)-induced memory impairment in COX-2 (+/+) mice, but not in COX-2 (-/-) mice. YY-1224 significantly attenuated Aβ (1-42)-induced upregulation of platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor gene expression, reactive oxygen species, and pro-inflammatory factors. In addition, YY-1224 significantly inhibited Aβ (1-42)-induced downregulation of PAF-acetylhydrolase-1 (PAF-AH-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) gene expression. These changes were more pronounced in COX-2 (+/+) mice than in COX-2 (-/-) mice. YY-1224 significantly attenuated learning impairment, Aβ deposition, and pro-inflammatory microglial activation in APP/PS1 Tg mice, whereas it significantly enhanced PAF-AH and PPARγ expression. A preferential COX-2 inhibitor, meloxicam, did not affect the pharmacological activity by YY-1224, suggesting that the COX-2 gene is a critical mediator of the neuroprotective effects of YY-1224. The protective activity of YY-1224 appeared to be more efficacious than a standard G. biloba extract (Gb) against Aβ insult.<bold>Conclusions: </bold>Our results suggest that the protective effects of YY-1224 against Aβ toxicity may be associated with its PAF antagonistic- and PPARγ agonistic-potential as well as inhibition of the Aβ-mediated pro-inflammatory switch of microglia phenotypes through suppression of COX-2 expression.
- Subjects
TERPENES; AMYLOID; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; GENE expression; PEROXISOMES; THERAPEUTIC use of plant extracts; REACTIVE oxygen species; ALZHEIMER'S disease; ANIMAL experimentation; GINKGO; MEMBRANE proteins; MICE; NEURODEGENERATION; ORGANIC compounds; OXIDOREDUCTASES; PEPTIDES; PROTEIN precursors; PLANT extracts; PREVENTION; THERAPEUTICS
- Publication
Journal of Neuroinflammation, 2017, Vol 14, p1
- ISSN
1742-2094
- Publication type
journal article
- DOI
10.1186/s12974-017-0866-x