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- Title
Reversible watermarking based on multi-dimensional prediction-error expansion.
- Authors
Yu, Xiang; Wang, Xiang; Pei, Qingqi
- Abstract
The reversible watermarking algorithm has been extensively studied in the field of information security in recent years, and prediction-error expansion (PEE) is a widely used technology for reversible watermarking embedding. Ou et al. (IEEE Trans Image Process 22(12):5010-5021, <xref>2013</xref>) proposed a two-dimensional histogram shifting method to extend the conventional method, which yields better performance. This paper further expands the two-dimensional histogram shifting method, proposes a reversible watermarking algorithm based on multi-dimensional PEE and reduces the distortion by abandoning the embedding mappings with high distortion. The experimental result shows that the multi-dimensional PEE method can achieve relatively higher Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) at the same embedding rate. In addition, it also proves that, the multi-dimensional PEE algorithm only needs to consider the simplest case of the embedding distortion threshold, and it is more suitable for images with simple and smooth texture.
- Subjects
DIGITAL watermarking; HISTOGRAMS; ELECTRIC distortion; SIGNAL-to-noise ratio; INFORMATION technology security
- Publication
Multimedia Tools & Applications, 2018, Vol 77, Issue 14, p18085
- ISSN
1380-7501
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s11042-018-5794-y