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- Title
Meat Cooking Methods and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results From Three Prospective Cohort Studies.
- Authors
Gang Liu; Geng Zong; Kana Wu; Yang Hu; Yanping Li; Willett, Walter C.; Eisenberg, David M.; Hu, Frank B.; Qi Sun; Liu, Gang; Zong, Geng; Wu, Kana; Hu, Yang; Li, Yanping; Sun, Qi
- Abstract
<bold>Objective: </bold>To examine open-flame and/or high-temperature cooking (grilling/barbecuing, broiling, or roasting) and doneness preferences (rare, medium, or well done) for red meat, chicken, and fish in relation to type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk among U.S. adults who consumed animal flesh regularly (≥2 servings/week).<bold>Research Design and Methods: </bold>The prospective studies included 52,752 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) (followed during 1996-2012), 60,809 women from NHS II (followed during 2001-2013), and 24,679 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS) (followed during 1996-2012) who were free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline. Incident cases of T2D were confirmed by validated supplementary questionnaires.<bold>Results: </bold>We documented 7,895 incident cases of T2D during 1.74 million person-years of follow-up. After multivariate adjustments including baseline BMI and total consumption of red meat, chicken, and fish, higher frequency of open-flame and/or high-temperature cooking was independently associated with an elevated T2D risk. When comparing open-flame and/or high-temperature cooking >15 times/month with <4 times/month, the pooled hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) of T2D was 1.28 (1.18, 1.39; Ptrend <0.001). When comparing the extreme quartiles of doneness-weighted frequency of high-temperature cooking, the pooled HR (95% CI) of T2D was 1.20 (1.12, 1.28; Ptrend <0.001). These associations remained significant when red meat and chicken were examined separately. In addition, estimated intake of heterocyclic aromatic amines was also associated with an increased T2D risk.<bold>Conclusions: </bold>Independent of consumption amount, open-flame and/or high-temperature cooking for both red meat and chicken is associated with an increased T2D risk among adults who consume animal flesh regularly.
- Publication
Diabetes Care, 2018, Vol 41, Issue 5, p1049
- ISSN
0149-5992
- Publication type
journal article
- DOI
10.2337/dc17-1992