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- Title
Smoking, all-cause, and cause-specific mortality in individuals with diabetes in Mexico: an analysis of the Mexico city prospective study.
- Authors
Ramírez-García, Daniel; Fermín-Martínez, Carlos A.; Sánchez-Castro, Paulina; Núñez-Luna, Alejandra; Basile-Alvarez, Martín Roberto; Fernández-Chirino, Luisa; Vargas-Vázquez, Arsenio; Díaz-Sánchez, Juan Pablo; Kammar-García, Ashuin; Almeda-Valdés, Paloma; Berumen-Campos, Jaime; Kuri-Morales, Pablo; Tapia-Conyer, Roberto; Alegre-Díaz, Jesus; Seiglie, Jacqueline A.; Antonio-Villa, Neftali Eduardo; Bello-Chavolla, Omar Yaxmehen
- Abstract
Objective: Evidence from low- and middle-income countries regarding the effect of smoking in people with diabetes is lacking. Here, we report the association of smoking with mortality in a large cohort of Mexican adults with diabetes. Methods: Participants with diabetes mellitus (self-reported diagnosis, use of antidiabetic medications or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%) aged 35–74 years when recruited into the Mexico City Prospective Study were included. Cox regression confounder-adjusted mortality rate ratios (RRs) associated with baseline smoking status were estimated. Results: Among 15,975 women and 8225 men aged 35–74 years with diabetes but no other comorbidities at recruitment, 2498 (16%) women and 2875 (35%) men reported former smoking and 2753 (17%) women, and 3796 (46%) men reported current smoking. During a median of 17 years of follow-up there were 5087 deaths at ages 35–74 years. Compared with never smoking, all-cause mortality RR was 1.08 (95%CI 1.01–1.17) for former smoking, 1.11 (95%CI 1.03–1.20) for current smoking, 1.09 (95%CI 0.99–1.20) for non-daily smoking, 1.06 (95%CI 0.96–1.16) for smoking < 10 cigarettes/day (median during follow-up 4 cigarettes/day), and 1.28 (95% CI 1.14–1.43) for smoking ≥ 10 cigarettes/day (median during follow-up 15 cigarettes/day). Mortality risk among daily smokers was greatest for COPD, lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and acute diabetic complications. Conclusion: In this cohort of Mexican adults with diabetes, low-intensity daily smoking was associated with increased mortality, despite observing smoking patterns which are different from other populations, and over 5% of total deaths were associated with smoking.
- Subjects
PEOPLE with diabetes; MEXICANS; MIDDLE-income countries; CARDIOVASCULAR diseases; SMOKING
- Publication
BMC Public Health, 2024, Vol 24, Issue 1, p1
- ISSN
1471-2458
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1186/s12889-024-19536-0