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- Title
Time-resolved optical shadowgraphy of solid hydrogen jets as a testbed to benchmark particle-in-cell simulations.
- Authors
Yang, Long; Huang, Lingen; Assenbaum, Stefan; Cowan, Thomas E.; Goethel, Ilja; Göde, Sebastian; Kluge, Thomas; Rehwald, Martin; Pan, Xiayun; Schramm, Ulrich; Vorberger, Jan; Zeil, Karl; Ziegler, Tim; Bernert, Constantin
- Abstract
Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are a widely-used tool to model kinetics-dominated plasmas in ultrarelativistic laser-solid interactions (dimensionless vectorpotential a0 > 1). However, interactions approaching subrelativistic laser intensities (a0 ≲ 1) are governed by correlated and collisional plasma physics, calling for benchmarks of available modeling capabilities and the establishment of standardized testbeds. Here, we propose such a testbed to experimentally benchmark PIC simulations of laser-solid interactions using a laser-irradiated micron-sized cryogenic hydrogen-jet target. Time-resolved optical shadowgraphy of the expanding plasma density, complemented by hydrodynamics and ray-tracing simulations, is used to determine the bulk-electron-temperature evolution after laser irradiation. We showcase our testbed by studying isochoric heating of solid hydrogen induced by laser pulses with a dimensionless vectorpotential of a0 ≈ 1. Our testbed reveals that the initial surface-density gradient of the target is decisive to reach quantitative agreement at 1 ps after the interaction, demonstrating its suitability to benchmark controlled parameter scans at subrelativistic laser intensities. Relativistic laser-solid interactions are simulated via particle-in-cell (PIC) approaches, while subrelativistic regimes rely on radiation-hydrodynamics formulations. To validate the methods at the transition from relativistic to subrelativistic laser intensities, the authors propose a testbed to experimentally benchmark PIC simulations.
- Subjects
PLASMA physics; LASER-plasma interactions; COLLISIONAL plasma; PLASMA density; CRYOGENICS; LASER pulses; LASER plasmas; HYDROGEN
- Publication
Communications Physics, 2023, Vol 6, Issue 1, p1
- ISSN
2399-3650
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1038/s42005-023-01473-w