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- Title
Development and Metabolomic Profiles of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) Larvae Exposed to Phytosanitary Irradiation Dose in Hypoxic Environment Using DI-SPME-GC/MS.
- Authors
Shan, Changyao; Li, Baishu; Li, Li; Liu, Qun; Zou, Hang; Liu, Tao
- Abstract
Simple Summary: The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), significantly impacts agriculture in Southeast Asia and some Pacific islands as a major pest. Its widespread distribution, robust invasive ability, and detrimental effects on market access categorize it as a significant threat to numerous countries. Irradiation treatment is recognized as an effective and promising approach, considered as a potential alternative to the traditional phytosanitary treatment method, methyl bromide fumigation. However, the low-oxygen environment can influence the efficacy of irradiation treatment. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of low-oxygen levels on the phytosanitary irradiation effects against larvae of B. dorsalis. The effects of normoxic (21% O2), hypoxic (5% O2), and super-hypoxic (0.5% O2) conditions on the development and metabolic profile of third-instar larvae of B. dorsalis were evaluated and compared at phytosanitary irradiation dose. Our research emphasizes the importance of lipid metabolism pathways and their associated metabolites in the irradiation tolerance of insects; moreover, neither hypoxic nor super-hypoxic conditions have increased the emergence rate of the evaluated fruit fly species under the current phytosanitary irradiation dose. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of radioprotection in insects under low-oxygen environments and advocate for international organizations and regulatory agencies to update guidelines on the application of phytosanitary irradiation under hypoxic conditions. X-ray irradiation and modified atmospheres (MAs) provide eco-friendly, chemical-free methods for pest management. Although a low-oxygen atmospheric treatment improves the performance of some irradiated insects, its influence on the irradiation of quarantine insects and its impacts on pest control efficacy have yet to be investigated. Based on bioassay results, this study employed direct immersion solid-phase microextraction (DI-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine metabolic profiles of late third-instar B. dorsalis larvae under normoxia (CON, Air), hypoxia (95% N2 + 5% O2, HY), super-hypoxia (99.5% N2 + 0.5% O2, Sup-HY), irradiation-alone (116 Gy, IR-alone), hypoxia + irradiation (HY + IR) and super-hypoxia + irradiation (Sup-HY + IR). Our findings reveal that, compared to the IR-alone group, the IR treatment under HY and Sup-HY (HY + IR and Sup-HY + IR) increases the larval pupation of B. dorsalis, and weakens the delaying effect of IR on the larval developmental stage. However, these 3 groups further hinder adult emergence under the phytosanitary IR dose of 116 Gy. Moreover, all IR-treated groups, including IR-alone, HY + IR, and Sup-HY + IR, lead to insect death as a coarctate larvae or pupae. Pathway analysis identified changed metabolic pathways across treatment groups. Specifically, changes in lipid metabolism-related pathways were observed: 3 in HY vs. CON, 2 in Sup-HY vs. CON, and 5 each in IR-alone vs. CON, HY + IR vs. CON, and Sup-HY + IR vs. CON. The treatments of IR-alone, HY + IR, and Sup-HY + IR induce comparable modifications in metabolic pathways. However, in the HY + IR, and Sup-HY + IR groups, the third-instar larvae of B. dorsalis demonstrate significantly fewer changes. Our research suggests that a low-oxygen environment (HY and Sup-HY) might enhance the radiation tolerance in B. dorsalis larvae by stabilizing lipid metabolism pathways at biologically feasible levels. Additionally, our findings indicate that the current phytosanitary IR dose contributes to the effective management of B. dorsalis, without being influenced by radioprotective effects. These results hold significant importance for understanding the biological effects of radiation on B. dorsalis and for developing IR-specific regulatory guidelines under MA environments.
- Subjects
SOUTHEAST Asia; ORIENTAL fruit fly; BROMOMETHANE; RADIATION tolerance; TEPHRITIDAE; PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of radiation; DIPTERA; GAS chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
- Publication
Insects (2075-4450), 2024, Vol 15, Issue 3, p177
- ISSN
2075-4450
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/insects15030177