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- Title
DNA transposons mediate duplications via transposition-independent and -dependent mechanisms in metazoans.
- Authors
Tan, Shengjun; Ma, Huijing; Wang, Jinbo; Wang, Man; Wang, Mengxia; Yin, Haodong; Zhang, Yaqiong; Zhang, Xinying; Shen, Jieyu; Wang, Danyang; Banes, Graham L.; Zhang, Zhihua; Wu, Jianmin; Huang, Xun; Chen, Hua; Ge, Siqin; Chen, Chun-Long; Zhang, Yong E.
- Abstract
Despite long being considered as "junk", transposable elements (TEs) are now accepted as catalysts of evolution. One example is Mutator-like elements (MULEs, one type of terminal inverted repeat DNA TEs, or TIR TEs) capturing sequences as Pack-MULEs in plants. However, their origination mechanism remains perplexing, and whether TIR TEs mediate duplication in animals is almost unexplored. Here we identify 370 Pack-TIRs in 100 animal reference genomes and one Pack-TIR (Ssk-FB4) family in fly populations. We find that single-copy Pack-TIRs are mostly generated via transposition-independent gap filling, and multicopy Pack-TIRs are likely generated by transposition after replication fork switching. We show that a proportion of Pack-TIRs are transcribed and often form chimeras with hosts. We also find that Ssk-FB4s represent a young protein family, as supported by proteomics and signatures of positive selection. Thus, TIR TEs catalyze new gene structures and new genes in animals via both transposition-independent and -dependent mechanisms. Transposons are accepted as evolutionary catalysts but how they do so remains less clear. Analyzing 100 animal genomes finds that terminal inverted repeat-type transposable elements catalyze new gene structures and new genes in animals via both transposition-independent and -dependent mechanisms.
- Subjects
DNA; TRANSPOSONS; PROTEOMICS; GENOMES; GENES; CATALYSTS
- Publication
Nature Communications, 2021, Vol 12, Issue 1, p1
- ISSN
2041-1723
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1038/s41467-021-24585-9