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- Title
Tumor immune escape: extracellular vesicles roles and therapeutics application.
- Authors
Ahmadi, Mahdi; Abbasi, Reza; Rezaie, Jafar
- Abstract
Background: Immune escape, a process by which tumor cells evade immune surveillance, remains a challenge for cancer therapy. Tumor cells produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) that participate in immune escape by transferring bioactive molecules between cells. EVs refer to heterogeneous vesicles that participate in intercellular communication. EVs from tumor cells usually carry tumor antigens and have been considered a source of tumor antigens to induce anti-tumor immunity. However, evidence also suggests that these EVs can accelerate immune escape by carrying heat shock proteins (HSPs), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), etc. to immune cells, suppressing function and exhausting the immune cells pool. EVs are progressively being evaluated for therapeutic implementation in cancer therapies. EVs-based immunotherapies involve inhibiting EVs generation, using natural EVs, and harnessing engineering EVs. All approaches are associated with advantages and disadvantages. The EVs heterogeneity and diverse physicochemical properties are the main challenges to their clinical applications. Short conclusion: Although EVs are criminal; they can be useful for overcoming immune escape. This review discusses the latest knowledge on EVs population and sheds light on the function of tumor-derived EVs in immune escape. It also describes EVs-based immunotherapies with a focus on engineered EVs, followed by challenges that hinder the clinical translation of EVs that are essential to be addressed in future investigations. 1vprELZ8YBVj6rfjBJ553Y Video Abstract
- Subjects
EXTRACELLULAR vesicles; CELL communication; HEAT shock proteins; TUMOR antigens; POLYMERSOMES; PROGRAMMED cell death 1 receptors; CANCER treatment; CLINICAL medicine
- Publication
Cell Communication & Signaling, 2024, Vol 22, Issue 1, p1
- ISSN
1478-811X
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1186/s12964-023-01370-3