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- Title
Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema: When Scylla and Charybdis Ally.
- Authors
Gredic, Marija; Karnati, Srikanth; Ruppert, Clemens; Guenther, Andreas; Avdeev, Sergey N.; Kosanovic, Djuro
- Abstract
Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) is a recently recognized syndrome that, as its name indicates, involves the existence of both interstitial lung fibrosis and emphysema in one individual, and is often accompanied by pulmonary hypertension. This debilitating, progressive condition is most often encountered in males with an extensive smoking history, and is presented by dyspnea, preserved lung volumes, and contrastingly impaired gas exchange capacity. The diagnosis of the disease is based on computed tomography imaging, demonstrating the coexistence of emphysema and interstitial fibrosis in the lungs, which might be of various types and extents, in different areas of the lung and several relative positions to each other. CPFE bears high mortality and to date, specific and efficient treatment options do not exist. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge about the clinical attributes and manifestations of CPFE. Moreover, we will focus on pathophysiological and pathohistological lung phenomena and suspected etiological factors of this disease. Finally, since there is a paucity of preclinical research performed for this particular lung pathology, we will review existing animal studies and provide suggestions for the development of additional in vivo models of CPFE syndrome.
- Subjects
PULMONARY fibrosis; LUNGS; PULMONARY emphysema; LUNG volume; SYMPTOMS; DIAGNOSIS; PULMONARY hypertension
- Publication
Cells (2073-4409), 2023, Vol 12, Issue 9, p1278
- ISSN
2073-4409
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/cells12091278