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- Title
Inactivation of the tight junction gene <italic>CLDN11</italic> by aberrant hypermethylation modulates tubulins polymerization and promotes cell migration in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
- Authors
Li, Hsin-Pai; Peng, Chen-Ching; Wu, Chih-Ching; Chen, Chien-Hsun; Shih, Meng-Jhe; Huang, Mei-Yuan; Lai, Yi-Ru; Chen, Yung-Li; Chen, Ting-Wen; Tang, Petrus; Chang, Yu-Sun; Chang, Kai-Ping; Hsu, Cheng-Lung
- Abstract
Background: Aberrant hypermethylation of cellular genes is a common phenomenon to inactivate genes and promote tumorigenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods: Methyl binding domain (MBD)-ChIP sequencing of NPC cells, microarray data of NPC biopsies and gene ontology analysis were conducted to identify a potential tumor suppressor gene <italic>CLDN11</italic> that was both hypermethylated and downregulated in NPC. Bisulfite sequencing, qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry staining of the NPC clinical samples and addition of methylation inhibitor, 5'azacytidine, in NPC cells were performed to verify the correlation between DNA hypermethylation and expression of <italic>CLDN11</italic>. Promoter reporter and EMSA assays were used to dissect the DNA region responsible for transcription activator binding and to confirm whether DNA methylation could affect activator's binding, respectively. <italic>CLDN11</italic> was transiently overexpressed in NPC cells followed by cell proliferation, migration, invasion assays to characterize its biological roles. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments and proteomic approach were carried out to identify novel interacting protein(s) and the binding domain of CLDN11. Anti-tumor activity of the <italic>CLDN11</italic> was elucidated by in vitro functional assay. Results: A tight junction gene, <italic>CLDN11</italic>, was identified as differentially hypermethylated gene in NPC. High methylation percentage of <italic>CLDN11</italic> promoter in paired NPC clinical samples was correlated with low mRNA expression level. Immunohistochemistry staining of NPC paired samples tissue array demonstrated that CLDN11 protein expression was relatively low in NPC tumors. Transcription activator GATA1 bound to <italic>CLDN11</italic> promoter region − 62 to − 53 and its DNA binding activity was inhibited by DNA methylation. Re-expression of CLDN11 reduced cell migration and invasion abilities in NPC cells. By co-immunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS, tubulin alpha-1b (TUBA1B) and beta-3 (TUBB3), were identified as the novel CLDN11-interacting proteins. CLDN11 interacted with these two tubulins through its intracellular loop and C-terminus. Furthermore, these domains were required for <italic>CLDN11</italic>-mediated cell migration inhibition. Treatment with a tubulin polymerization inhibitor, nocodazole, blocked NPC cell migration. Conclusions: <italic>CLDN11</italic> is a hypermethylated and downregulated gene in NPC. Through interacting with microtubules TUBA1B and TUBB3, CLDN11 blocks the polymerization of tubulins and cell migration activity. Thus, <italic>CLDN11</italic> functions as a potential tumor suppressor gene and silencing of <italic>CLDN11</italic> by DNA hypermethylation promotes NPC progression.
- Subjects
NASOPHARYNX cancer; TUBULINS; POLYMERIZATION; CELL migration; GENE ontology
- Publication
Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research (17569966), 2018, Vol 37, Issue 1, pN.PAG
- ISSN
1756-9966
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1186/s13046-018-0754-y