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- Title
Emerging Role of Alarmins in Food Allergy: An Update on Pathophysiological Insights, Potential Use as Disease Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Implications.
- Authors
Rizzi, Angela; Lo Presti, Elena; Chini, Raffaella; Gammeri, Luca; Inchingolo, Riccardo; Lohmeyer, Franziska Michaela; Nucera, Eleonora; Gangemi, Sebastiano
- Abstract
Food allergies are immuno-mediated adverse reactions to ingestion or contact with foods, representing a widespread health problem. The immune response can be IgE-mediated, non-IgE-mediated, or with a mixed mechanism. The role of innate immunity and alarmins in the pathogenesis of diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis is well known. Some authors have investigated the correlation between alarmins and food allergies, often obtaining interesting results. We analyzed articles published in English from the last 22 years present on PubMed concerning the role of alarmins in the pathogenesis of food allergies and their potential use as disease biomarkers, response biomarkers to therapy, or potential therapeutic targets. Nuclear alarmins (TSLP, IL-33, IL-25) appear to have a critical role in IgE-mediated allergies but are also implicated in entities such as eosinophilic esophagitis. Calprotectin and defensins may play a role as disease biomarkers and could help predict response to therapy, although results in the literature are often conflicting. Despite the promising results, more studies on humans still need to be conducted. Deepening our knowledge regarding alarmins and their involvement in food allergies could lead to the development of new biological therapies, significantly impacting patients' quality of life.
- Subjects
FOOD allergy; EOSINOPHILIC esophagitis; MILK allergy; BIOMARKERS; ATOPIC dermatitis; NATURAL immunity
- Publication
Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2023, Vol 12, Issue 7, p2699
- ISSN
2077-0383
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/jcm12072699