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- Title
Assessing the Cytotoxicity of TiO<sub>2−x</sub> Nanoparticles with a Different Ti<sup>3+</sup>(Ti<sup>2+</sup>)/Ti<sup>4+</sup> Ratio.
- Authors
Prokopiuk, Volodymyr; Yefimova, Svetlana; Onishchenko, Anatolii; Kapustnik, Valeriy; Myasoedov, Valeriy; Maksimchuk, Pavel; Butov, Dmytro; Bespalova, Irina; Tkachenko, Anton
- Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are promising biomedical agents characterized by good biocompatibility. In this study, we explored the cytotoxicity of TiO2−x nanoparticles with a different Ti3+(Ti2+)/Ti4+ ratio and analyzed the efficiency of eryptosis indices as a tool in nanotoxicology. Two types of TiO2−x nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by the hydrolysis of titanium alkoxide varying the nitric acid content in the hydrolysis mixture. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that 1-TiO2−x and 2-TiO2−x NPs are 5 nm in size, whereas X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveals different Ti3+ (Ti2+)/Ti4+ ratios in the crystal lattices of synthesized NPs. 1-TiO2−x nanoparticles contained 54% Ti4+, 38% Ti3+, and 8% Ti2+, while the relative amount of Ti4+ and Ti3+ in the crystal lattice of 2-TiO2−x nanoparticles was 63% and 37%, respectively. Cell viability and cell motility induced by TiO2−x nanoparticles were investigated on primary fibroblast cultures. Eryptosis modulation by the nanoparticles along with cell death mechanisms was studied on rat erythrocytes. We report that both TiO2−x nanoparticles do not decrease the viability of fibroblasts simultaneously stimulating cell migration. Data from in vitro studies on erythrocytes indicate that TiO2−x nanoparticles trigger eryptosis via ROS- (1-TiO2−x) and Ca2+-mediated mechanisms (both TiO2−x nanoparticles) suggesting that evaluation of eryptosis parameters is a more sensitive nanotoxicological approach for TiO2−x nanoparticles than cultured fibroblast assays. TiO2−x nanoparticles are characterized by low toxicity against fibroblasts, but they induce eryptosis, which is shown to be a promising tool for nanotoxicity screening. The Ti3+ (Ti2+)/Ti4+ ratio at least partly determines the cytotoxicity mechanisms for TiO2−x nanoparticles.
- Subjects
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; ERYTHROCYTE membranes; CRYSTAL lattices; TRANSMISSION electron microscopy; CELL motility; CELL migration
- Publication
Biological Trace Element Research, 2023, Vol 201, Issue 6, p3117
- ISSN
0163-4984
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s12011-022-03403-3