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- Title
Looking into the Eyes—In Vitro Models for Ocular Research.
- Authors
Lieto, Krystyna; Skopek, Rafał; Lewicka, Aneta; Stelmasiak, Marta; Klimaszewska, Emilia; Zelent, Arthur; Szymański, Łukasz; Lewicki, Sławomir
- Abstract
Animal research undoubtedly provides scientists with virtually unlimited data but inflicts pain and suffering on animals. Currently, legislators and scientists alike are promoting alternative in vitro approaches allowing for an accurate evaluation of processes occurring in the body without animal sacrifice. Historically, one of the most infamous animal tests is the Draize test, mainly performed on rabbits. Even though this test was considered the gold standard for around 50 years, the Draize test fails to mimic human response mainly due to human and rabbit eye physiological differences. Therefore, many alternative assays were developed to evaluate ocular toxicity and drug effectiveness accurately. Here we review recent achievements in tissue engineering of in vitro 2D, 2.5D, 3D, organoid and organ-on-chip ocular models, as well as in vivo and ex vivo models in terms of their advantages and limitations.
- Subjects
OCULAR toxicology; DRUG efficacy; ANIMAL sacrifice; DRUG toxicity; TISSUE engineering; LABORATORY animals
- Publication
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022, Vol 23, Issue 16, p9158
- ISSN
1661-6596
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/ijms23169158