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- Title
High Maternal Total Cholesterol Is Associated With No-Catch-up Growth in Full-Term SGA Infants: The Japan Environment and Children's Study.
- Authors
Kayo Kaneko; Yuki Ito; Takeshi Ebara; Sayaka Kato; Taro Matsuki; Hazuki Tamada; Hirotaka Sato; Shinji Saitoh; Mayumi Sugiura-Ogasawara; Hiroshi Yatsuya; Michihiro Kamijima
- Abstract
Objectives: Infants born small for gestational age (SGA) with no catch-up growth (No-CU) are at high risk of intellectual and developmental disabilities. However, factors leading to No-CU among SGA infants are unclear. This study aimed to examine the association between maternal total cholesterol (TC) in mid-pregnancy and No-CU at 3 years among full-term SGA infants. Study Design: The Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS) is a nationwide prospective birth cohort study. We extracted a total of 2,222 mothers and full-term SGA infants (length and/or weight <-2 standard deviation [SD]) without congenital abnormalities from the original JECS cohort comprising a total of 104,062 fetal records. According to the distribution of maternal TC in the entire cohort, participants were classified into nine groups per each fifth percentile with the 20th-79th percentiles (204-260 mg/dl) as the reference group. No-CU was defined by a Z-score of height at 3 years <-2 SD according to the growth standard charts for Japanese children. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were carried out using multiple imputations. Additionally, a multipleadjusted restricted cubic spline model was performed in the complete dataset. Results: A total of 362 (16.3%) children were No-CU at 3 years. After adjusting for the Zscore of birth weight, age of mother, smoking status, weight gain during pregnancy, breastfeeding and meal frequency at 2 years, and parents' heights, the odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) of No-CU was 2.95 (1.28-6.80) for children whose maternal TC levels were in the highest category (=294 mg/dl), compared to the reference group. A multiple-adjusted restricted cubic spline model showed a non-linear trend of the significant association between high maternal TC and No-CU (p for linear trend = 0.05, p for quadratic trend <0.05). Conclusion: High maternal TC at mid-pregnancy was associated with No-CU among SGA infants. Such infants should be carefully followed up to introduce appropriate growth hormonal treatment. The findings may support previous animal experimental studies which indicated that maternal high-fat diet exposure induces impairment of growth and skeletal muscle development in the offspring. Future studies are required to elucidate the detailed mechanism.
- Subjects
JAPAN; SMALL for gestational age; INFANTS; CHOLESTEROL; JAPANESE people; WEIGHT gain
- Publication
Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2022, Vol 13, p1
- ISSN
1664-2392
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3389/fendo.2022.939366