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- Title
Lung Cancer Risk Associated with Exposure to Benzo(A)Pyrene in Polish Agglomerations, Cities, and Other Areas.
- Authors
Widziewicz, Kamila; Rogula-Kozłowska, Wioletta; Majewski, Grzegorz
- Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer occurrence around the world. When exploring the geographic distribution in lung cancer incidence in Poland, we found that PM-bound benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) emission from domestic heating contributes to lung cancer risk mostly in areas outside the cities and agglomerations (so-called remaining areas). When averaging B(a)P concentrations within provinces, the B(a)P exposure accounts for even 31% to the total lung cancer cases. To check to which extent the concentration of B(a)P could contribute to an increase probability of lung cancer occurrence, the analysis of health risk was performed. The B(a)P concentration data were downloaded from the Polish Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection (CIEP) database. Those concerned the period between 2010 and 2015 and included cities, agglomerations, typically rural sites, and the remaining areas. It was found that the mean concentration of B(a)P in the mentioned period, averaged within specific geographic areas, varied from 1.39 ng/m at the rural sites to 4.86 ng/m in the remaining areas. The inhalation lung cancer risk resulting from the life-long exposure to B(a)P in most conservative (pessimistic) scenario was above the acceptable limits, i.e., E−06. On average, the highest lung cancer risk was found in Opolskie (7.33E−04) and the lowest one in Lubelskie province (1.02E−04), while in the rural areas one order of magnitude lower and amounted to (E−05). Presented results indicate the need for further research on geographic patterns of lung cancer incidence in Poland due to regional differences in air pollution. Such information could be further used for planning long-term strategies to reduce the ambient concentrations of B(a)P.
- Subjects
POLAND; BENZOPYRENE; ENVIRONMENTAL exposure; DISEASE incidence
- Publication
International Journal of Environmental Research, 2017, Vol 11, Issue 5/6, p685
- ISSN
1735-6865
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s41742-017-0061-z