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- Title
Evaluating ZEBRA Battery Module under the Peak-Shaving Duty Cycles.
- Authors
Shamim, Nimat; Thomsen, Edwin C.; Viswanathan, Vilayanur V.; Reed, David M.; Sprenkle, Vincent L.; Li, Guosheng; Macdonald, Digby
- Abstract
With the recent rapid increase in demand for reliable, long-cycle life, and safe battery technologies for large-scale energy-storage applications, a battery module based on ZEBRA battery chemistry is extensively evaluated for its application in peak shaving duty cycles. First, this module is tested with a full capacity cycle consisting of a charging process (factory default) and a discharging process with a current of 40 A. The battery energy efficiency (discharge vs. charge) is about 90%, and the overall energy efficiency is 80.9%, which includes the auxiliary power used to run the battery management system electronics and self-heating to maintain the module operating temperature (265 °C). Generally, because of the increased self-heating during the holding times that exist for the peak shaving duty cycles, the overall module efficiency decreases slightly for the peak-shaving duty cycles (70.7–71.8%) compared to the full-capacity duty cycle. With a 6 h, peak-shaving duty cycle, the overall energy efficiency increases from 71.8% for 7.5 kWh energy utilization to 74.1% for 8.5 kWh. We conducted long-term cycling tests of the module at a 6 h, peak-shaving duty cycle with 7.5 kWh energy utilization, and the module exhibited a capacity degradation rate of 0.0046%/cycle over 150 cycles (>150 days).
- Subjects
BATTERY storage plants; BATTERY management systems; ZEBRAS; ELECTRIC vehicle batteries; ENERGY consumption; GRID energy storage
- Publication
Materials (1996-1944), 2021, Vol 14, Issue 9, p2280
- ISSN
1996-1944
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/ma14092280