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- Title
Proanthocyanidins and Phenolic Compounds from the Twigs of Salix chaenomeloides and Their Anti-Lipogenic Effects on 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes.
- Authors
Kim, Kyung Ah; Tran, Nguyen Khoi Song; Baek, Jiwon; Lee, Soah; Kang, Ki Sung; Kim, Ki Hyun
- Abstract
The present study investigated potential bioactive natural products from the EtOH extract of Salix chaenomeloides twigs using column chromatography, leading to the isolation of six compounds (1–6), which were characterized as two proanthocyanidins, procyanidin B2 (1) and procyanidin B1 (2), and four phenolic compounds, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid β-D-glucosyl ester (3), di-O-methylcrenatin (4), p-coumaric acid glucoside (5), and syringin (6) by the comparison of their NMR spectra with the reported data and high-resolution (HR)-electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) analysis. We investigated the potential of six compounds (1–6) to inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, which showed that the compounds (1–6) significantly reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes without affecting cell proliferation. Notably, compound 1 demonstrated a remarkable 60% and 90% reduction in lipid levels with 50 and 100 µM treatments, respectively. Oil Red O staining results indicated that compound 1 significantly inhibits the formation of lipid droplets, comparable to the effect of T863, an inhibitor of triglyceride used as a positive control, in adipocytes. Compound 1 had no effect on the regulators PPARγ, C/EBPα, and SREBF1 of adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, but compound 1 activated the fatty acid oxidation regulator, PPARα, compared to the lipogenic-induced control. It also suppressed fatty acid synthesis by downregulating the expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS). Finally, compound 1 induced the mRNA and protein levels of CPT1A, an initial marker of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in 3T3-L1. This finding substantiates the anti-lipogenic and lipolytic effects of procyanidin B2 (1) in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, emphasizing its pivotal role in modulating obesity-related markers.
- Subjects
PHENOL analysis; IN vitro studies; NUCLEAR proteins; OXIDATION-reduction reaction; TANNINS; NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy; MITOCHONDRIA; RESEARCH funding; PLANT stems; FLAVONOIDS; FAT cells; LIPIDS; CELL proliferation; ACYLTRANSFERASES; PLANT extracts; CELL lines; FIBROBLASTS; CARBOCYCLIC acids; ESTERASES; MESSENGER RNA; GENE expression; MEDICINAL plants; ANTIOBESITY agents; MOLECULAR structure; HYDROXY acids; GLYCOSIDES; ELECTROSPRAY ionization mass spectrometry; TRIGLYCERIDES; CELL differentiation; FATTY acids; CHROMATOGRAPHIC analysis; CELL receptors; PHARMACODYNAMICS
- Publication
Nutrients, 2024, Vol 16, Issue 7, p1036
- ISSN
2072-6643
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/nu16071036