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- Title
Inhibition of Bacterial Efflux Pumps by Crude Extracts and Essential Oil from Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Nutmeg) Seeds against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
- Authors
Oo, Thidar; Saiboonjan, Bhanubong; Srijampa, Sukanya; Srisrattakarn, Arpasiri; Sutthanut, Khaetthareeya; Tavichakorntrakool, Ratree; Chanawong, Aroonwadee; Lulitanond, Aroonlug; Tippayawat, Patcharaporn
- Abstract
Myristicafragrans Houtt. (Nutmeg) is a widely known folk medicine across several parts of Asia, particularly used in antimicrobial treatment. Bacterial resistance involves the expression of efflux pump systems (chromosomal norA and mepA) in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Crude extract (CE) and essential oil (EO) obtained from nutmeg were applied as efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), thereby enhancing the antimicrobial activity of the drugs they were used in. The major substances in CE and EO, which function as EPIs, in a descending order of % peak area include elemicin, myristicin, methoxyeugenol, myristicin, and asarone. Here, we investigated whether the low amount of CE and EO used as EPIs was sufficient to sensitize MRSA killing using the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, which acts as an efflux system. Interestingly, synergy between ciprofloxacin and CE or EO revealed the most significant viability of MRSA, depending on norA and mepA, the latter being responsible for EPI function of EO. Therefore, CE and EO obtained from nutmeg can act as EPIs in combination with substances that act as efflux systems, thereby ensuring that the MRSA strain is susceptible to antibiotic treatment.
- Subjects
ASIA; NUTMEG tree; METHICILLIN-resistant staphylococcus aureus; ESSENTIAL oils; DRUG resistance in bacteria; SEEDS; DRUG utilization
- Publication
Molecules, 2021, Vol 26, Issue 15, p4662
- ISSN
1420-3049
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/molecules26154662