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- Title
Investigation of Freeze-Linings in Copper-Containing Slag Systems: Part I. Preliminary Experiments.
- Authors
Fallah-Mehrjardi, Ata; Hayes, Peter; Jak, Evgueni
- Abstract
Slag freeze-linings are increasingly used in industrial pyrometallurgical processes to insure that furnace integrity is maintained in aggressive high-temperature environments. Most previous studies of freeze-linings have analyzed the formation of slag deposits based solely on heat-transfer models. The focus of the present research is to determine the impact of slag chemistry and local process conditions on the microstructures, thickness, stability, and heat-transfer characteristics of the frozen deposit at steady-state conditions. The formation of the freeze-linings is studied under controlled laboratory conditions using an air-cooled 'cold-finger' technique for Cu-Fe-Si-Al-O slag at equilibrium with metallic copper relevant to the industrial copper smelting processes. The phase assemblages and microstructures of the deposits formed in the cold-finger experiments differ significantly from those expected from phase equilibrium considerations. The freeze-lining deposits have been found, in general, to consist of several layers. Starting from the cold finger, these layers consist of glass; glass with microcrystalline precipitates; closed crystalline layer; and open crystalline layer. Even at steady-state conditions, there was no primary phase sealing layer of delafossite [CuO · (Al, Fe)O] present at the deposit/liquid interface-these observations differ markedly from those expected from phase equilibrium considerations. The findings have significant practical implications, and potential for the improved design and operation of industrial metallurgical furnaces.
- Subjects
PYROMETALLURGY; SMELTING; STEADY-state flow; HEAT transfer; COPPER metallurgy; METALLURGICAL furnaces; PRECIPITATION (Chemistry)
- Publication
Metallurgical & Materials Transactions. Part B, 2013, Vol 44, Issue 3, p534
- ISSN
1073-5615
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s11663-013-9806-z