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- Title
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicit durable immune responses in infant rhesus macaques.
- Authors
Garrido, Carolina; Curtis II, Alan D.; Dennis, Maria; Pathak, Sachi H.; Gao, Hongmei; Montefiori, David; Tomai, Mark; Fox, Christopher B.; Kozlowski, Pamela A.; Scobey, Trevor; Munt, Jennifer E.; Mallory, Michael L.; Saha, Pooja T.; Hudgens, Michael G.; Lindesmith, Lisa C.; Baric, Ralph S.; Abiona, Olubukola M.; Graham, Barney S.; Corbett, Kizzmekia S.; Edwards, Darin
- Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in infant rhesus macaques: Various SARS-CoV-2 vaccines show profound efficacy in adults and children above 12 years old, but it is still unknown if these vaccines provide protection in infants and young children. Here, Garrido et al. vaccinated infant rhesus macaques with an mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, similar to the Moderna vaccine, or an S protein plus TLR7/8 agonist-based vaccine. Both vaccines induced profound induction of neutralizing antibody titers, memory B cells responses, and SARS-CoV-2 specific CD4+ T cell responses that were long lasting, all while limiting vaccine related toxicity. These data are in-line with published work proposing that these types of responses correlate to SARS-CoV-2 protection. Together, these data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, especially mRNA or protein-based vaccines, will induce strong anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity in infants. The inclusion of infants in the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine rollout is important to prevent severe complications of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infections and to limit transmission and could possibly be implemented via the global pediatric vaccine schedule. However, age-dependent differences in immune function require careful evaluation of novel vaccines in the pediatric population. Toward this goal, we assessed the safety and immunogenicity of two SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Two groups of eight infant rhesus macaques (RMs) were immunized intramuscularly at weeks 0 and 4 with stabilized prefusion SARS-CoV-2 S-2P spike (S) protein encoded by mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (mRNA-LNP) or the purified S protein mixed with 3M-052, a synthetic TLR7/8 agonist in a squalene emulsion (Protein+3M-052-SE). Neither vaccine induced adverse effects. Both vaccines elicited high-magnitude IgG binding to RBD, amino-terminal domain, S1 and S2, ACE2 blocking activity, and high neutralizing antibody titers, all peaking at week 6. S-specific memory B cells were detected by week 4, and S-specific T cell responses were dominated by the production of IL-17, IFN-γ, or TNF-α. Antibody and cellular responses were stable through week 22. The immune responses for the mRNA-LNP vaccine were of a similar magnitude to those elicited by the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine in adults. The S-2P mRNA-LNP and Protein−3M-052-SE vaccines were well tolerated and highly immunogenic in infant RMs, providing proof of concept for a pediatric SARS-CoV-2 vaccine with the potential for durable immunity that might decrease the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and mitigate the ongoing health and socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19.
- Publication
Science Immunology, 2021, Vol 6, Issue 60, p1
- ISSN
2470-9468
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1126/sciimmunol.abj3684